Citations and referencing style
References in the text should be cited according to the basic APA 7th edition format. For example: "In a classic work by Mattiasson, K. (1980)..." Approximately 40 high-quality references should be listed at the end of research manuscripts, in the order they appear in the text. For letters or Reports, a maximum of 10 references is recommended.
Title: REFERENCES (Left-aligned, bold)
Skip a line
[List of references: 1...N]
All lines after the first line of each reference entry in the list should be indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm). This is known as a hanging indent.
Each reference cited in the text must be listed in this section at the end of the article.
APA citation components
APA references typically include the following elements:
Author: Last name, followed by initials.
Year of publication: In parentheses.
Title of the work: According to the manuscript.
Source: In italic
Publication information: City of publication, publisher.
Citation
Below is an example of a reference list that includes, among others, books, conference papers, journal articles, edited books, and theses, based on the basic APA format.
Online resource:
Smith, J. A. (2021). Tendencias actuales en ingeniería de software (Informe No. 123). Instituto de Investigación en Tecnología Avanzada. https://www.ejemploinstituto.com/informe123
American Psychological Association (2022, August 9). APA Style references: common reference examples guide, 7th edition. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2022, Marzo). Preguntas y respuestas sobre los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA). https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Smith, J. A., 2021; American Psychological Association, 2022)
In narrative form: "Smith, J. A. (2021) and the American Psychological Association (2022) proposed..."
Books (printed version):
Smith, J. A. (2018). Ingeniería Eléctrica: Principios y Aplicaciones. Editorial Tecnológica. Mexico
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Smith, J. A., 2018)
In narrative form: "The model proposed by Smith, J. A. (2018)..."
Books (online):
González, M. B., & López, C. D. (2020). Mecánica de Materiales: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones. Editorial Técnica Moderna. https://www.ejemplotecnicamoderna.com/mecanica-materiales
Usubamatov, R. (2018). Productivity Theory for Industrial Engineering. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351055468.
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Usubamatov, R., 2018; González & López, 2020)
In narrative form: "Usubamatov, R. (2018) and González & López (2020) declared..."
Edited books:
Santhanam, B., Sethupathi, P.V.R., Rajendran, C., Ziegler, H. (2021). A Comparative Study on Classical and New Hybrid Continuous-Review Inventory Ordering Policies in a Supply Chain Using Mathematical Models. In: Vipin, B., Rajendran, C., Janakiraman, G., Philip, D. (Eds). Emerging Frontiers in Operations and Supply Chain Management. Asset Analytics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2774-3_1.
Zeleke, W. A., Hughes, T. L., & Drozda, N. (2020). Home–school collaboration to promote mind– body health. In C. Maykel & M. A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health in schools: Interventions for mental health professionals (pp. 11–26). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-002.
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Santhanam et al., 2021)
In narrative form: "...the Santhanam et al. (2021) formulation..."
Scientific article (up to four authors):
Gómez, J. A., Pérez, L. M., González, R. S., & Díaz, F. J. (2018). Desarrollo de tecnologías sostenibles. Revista de Ingeniería Ambiental, 7(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/xxxx
Mattiasson, K. (1980). Numerical results from large deflection beam and frame problems analyzed employing elliptic integrals. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 17(1), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170113.
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Mattiasson, 1980; Gómez et al., 2018)
In narrative form: "Mattiasson (1980), Gómez et al. (2018) and colleagues demonstrated that..."
Scientific article (up to twenty authors):
Castiblanco, R., Moreno, H., Rojas, S., Zamora, F., Rivera, A., Bedoya, M. A., Aróstegui, J., Rodríguez, D., Salinas, G., Martínez, W., Camargo, D., Sánchez, A., Ramírez, Y., Arias, M., Castro, K. Y., Carrillo, H., ValdezLópez, J., Hermosa, F., Daza, C., … Hernández, T. (2020). La variación de los esfuerzos mecánicos en la cadera con el ergómetro de escaleras. Revista de Salud Pública, 16(2), 41-67.
If a manuscript has 21 or more authors, list the first 19 followed by an ellipsis, and the last author.
Notice that articles hosted in multiple databases, you may exclude the DOI and URL.
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Castiblanco et al., 2020)
In narrative form: "Regarding this matter, Castiblanco et al. (2020) hypothesize that..."
Articles with group authorship:
Castrillón, D. J., Riascos, U. L. & members of the National Planning Department (2019). Las cadenas productivas predominantes en el centro-oriente de Colombia. Panorama Regional, 4(2), 53-70. DOI o URL
In-text citation:
In parenthesis:
(Castrillón, Riascos, & members of the National Planning Department, 2019)
In narrative form:
Castrillón, Riascos, & members of the National Planning Department (2019)
Conference proceedings:
Hidalgo, J., Coello, S., Crespo, T. & González, Y. (2019). Household sustainable behavior evaluation and its relationship with socioeconomic indicators in the city of Guayaquil [Conference session]. XVII Laccei International multi-conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology (LACCEI 2019), Jamaica. http://laccei.org/LACCEI2019-MontegoBay/meta/FP55.html
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Hidalgo et al., 2019)
In narrative form: "The findings of Hidalgo et al. (2019)..."
Dissertations (work thesis):
Sienz, J., (1994). Integrated Structural Modelling, Adaptative Analysis and Shape Optimization [PhD dissertation, University of Wales/Swansea]. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/94307
In-text citation:
In parenthesis: (Sienz, J., 1994)
In narrative form: Sienz, J. (1994)
Additional considerations:
When multiple references have the same authors, the earliest must be cited first:
Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000).
Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001).
When authors and publication dates match, cite each entry by adding lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year, within the parentheses:
Azikiwe, H., & Bello A. (2020a).
Azikiwe, H., & Bello A. (2020b, March 26).
Azikiwe, H., & Bello A. (2020b, April 2).
For manuscripts with no identified author, the title should be cited in the author position and alphabetized by its first significant word, followed by a period and the publication year in parentheses:
Generalized anxiety disorder. (2019).
Only when the author is identified as "Anonymous" will the entry be alphabetized as if it were a proper name:
Anónimo. (2018).
