comprehensive analysis. An initial diagnosis was made through ergonomic surveys and on-site observations. Responses were analyzed using standardized

postural assessment methods and statistical tests (chi-square, Cramer's V, Lambda). The main ergonomic risks were identified and recommendations and practical

solutions were formulated. The results showed that 67% of the workers reported maintaining forced neck postures for more than 2 continuous hours, and 58%

of the trunk postures. Forty-two percent perform repetitive movements of the arms and wrists for more than 4 continuous hours, and 33% manually handle loads

of more than 25 kg. In addition, 17% are exposed to vibrations and 25% to extreme temperatures. Lack of ergonomics training was reported by 100% of the

workers. Statistical analyses revealed significant associations between ergonomic variables, providing a solid basis for the formulation of improvement proposals.

The research confirmed the high prevalence of ergonomic risks in soap production, underlining the need for proactive ergonomic interventions to improve

workers' health and productivity.

Keywords: Ergonomics; Ergonomic Risks; Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD); Forced Postures; Repetitive Movements; Load Handling

ergonómicas y observaciones in situ. Se analizaron las respuestas utilizando métodos estandarizados de evaluación postural y pruebas estadísticas (chi-cuadrado,

V de Cramer, Lambda). Se identificaron los principales riesgos ergonómicos y se formularon recomendaciones y soluciones prácticas. Como resultados se

obtuvo que: un 67% de los trabajadores reportó mantener posturas forzadas del cuello durante más de 2 horas continuas, y un 58% del tronco. Un 42% realiza

movimientos repetitivos de brazos y muñecas durante más de 4 horas continuas, y un 33% manipula cargas manualmente de más de 25 kg. Además, un 17%

está expuesto a vibraciones y un 25% a temperaturas extremas. La falta de formación en ergonomía fue reportada por el 100% de los trabajadores. Los análisis

estadísticos revelaron asociaciones significativas entre variables ergonómicas, proporcionando una base sólida para la formulación de propuestas de mejora. La

investigación confirmó la alta prevalencia de riesgos ergonómicos en la producción de jabones, subrayando la necesidad de intervenciones ergonómicas

proactivas para mejorar la salud y productividad de los trabajadores.

Palabras claves: Ergonomía; Riesgos Ergonómicos; Trastornos Musculoesqueléticos (TME); Posturas Forzadas; Movimientos Repetitivos; Manipulación De

musculoskeletal injuries, fatigue, and stress, affecting

employee health and company productivity.

Despite the importance of ergonomics, many companies do

not implement comprehensive ergonomic proposals,

identified: repetitive movements, handling of loads, forced

postures, environmental factors.

Based on the above, the objective of this research is to

design a comprehensive ergonomic proposal that allows the

improvement of physical conditions and reduction of

ergonomic risks in the soap production line.

To meet the silver objective, it is proposed to first carry out

an initial diagnosis by means of an ergonomic survey of all

Rationale on the main MSDs in industrial environments.-

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in industrial

environments are a complex group of pathologies that

mainly affect the muscles, tendons, nerves and joints,

manifesting predominantly in the upper limbs and spine.

These disorders are characterized by their cumulative

nature, resulting from prolonged exposure to biomechanical

and organizational risk factors in the work environment.

Epidemiological evidence indicates that approximately

development of occupational pathologies.- Prolonged

forced postures represent a critical factor in the

development of occupational pathologies, characterized by

generating biomechanical overload in musculoskeletal

structures. Longitudinal studies have shown that sustained

exposure to extreme joint angles for periods of more than 2

continuous hours increases the risk of developing chronic

injuries by 60%. This phenomenon is explained by the

alteration in muscle recruitment patterns and the reduction

of blood flow in the affected tissues, triggering chronic

such as load/force, coupling, and muscle activity. These

methods make it possible to categorize the level of risk on

validated scales and to establish ergonomic intervention

priorities.[11]

Ergonomic risk assessment tools.- Ergonomic assessment

tools are systematic instruments that integrate multiple

variables of occupational exposure. Methods such as JSI

(Job Strain Index) and OCRA (Occupational Repetitive

Actions) provide composite indices that consider exertion

Ergonomic sampling techniques employ structured

protocols that combine direct observation, videographic

recording, and instrumental measurements. Temporal

sampling using work-rest techniques allows for the

characterization of exposure patterns, while motion analysis

systems provide accurate kinematic data. The sampling

frequency is established considering the variability of the

task, typically requiring observations of 30-60 minutes per

work cycle to obtain representative data.[13] [14]

established by comparison with gold standard methods.

Sensitivity is assessed by the instrument's ability to detect

clinically significant changes in the ergonomic conditions

evaluated.[15]

Principles of applied anthropometry.- Applied

anthropometry is a fundamental pillar in the ergonomic

design of workplaces, based on the systematic measurement

of the body dimensions of the working population. This

Administrative and organizational measures.-

Administrative and organizational measures comprise a set

of strategies that modify work patterns and exposure to

ergonomic risk factors. Implementing systematic job

rotation (every 2-4 hours) between tasks involving different

structures. The establishment of optimized work-rest cycles

(10 minutes of break for every 50 minutes of work in tasks

of high physical demand) allows adequate physiological

recovery. Technical studies indicate that these measures,

systematic evidence-based approach, incorporating

quantifiable theoretical and practical elements. The

methodology should include pre- and post-training

assessments, with a minimum of 20 hours of initial training

and quarterly 4-hour reinforcement sessions. Technical

content should cover occupational biomechanics, risk factor

recognition (using standardized checklists), manual load

handling techniques, and muscle compensation exercises.

The effectiveness of the program is measured by specific

indicators such as a 50% reduction in risk postures and an

and qualitative indicators. The evaluation protocol should

include pre- and post-intervention biomechanical

measurements (using surface electromyography and

kinematic analysis), productivity indices (operational

efficiency and error rates), occupational health indicators

(frequency and severity of MSDs), and cost-benefit

analysis. The evaluation methodology should follow a

longitudinal design with minimum follow-up periods of 6-

12 months, using control groups when feasible. Results

should be analysed using robust statistical methods

2.- Do you maintain forced postures of the trunk

(flexion/twisting) for more than 2 continuous hours?

Table 2.- Frequency of Forced Trunk Postures in the Soap

Production Line

1. Prevalence of Forced Trunk Postures:

2. Health Impact:

3. Need for Intervention:

5.- Do you perform repetitive movements of your

arms/wrists for more than 4 continuous hours?

Table 5.- Frequency of Repetitive Movements of

Arms/Wrists in the Soap Production Line

2. Health Impact:

8.- Are you exposed to vibrations in your hand/arm for more

than 2 continuous hours?

Table 8.- Frequency of Exposure to Hand/Arm Vibrations

in the Soap Production Line

11.- Are you exposed to high noise levels in your

workplace?

Table 11.- Frequency of Exposure to High Noise Levels in

Interpretation:

1. Prevalence of Exposure to High Noise:

2. Health Impact:

15.- Have you experienced muscle aches, injuries or

discomfort related to your work?

Table 15.- Frequency of Muscle Pain and Work-Related

Injuries on the Soap Production Line

Interpretation:

3. Need for Intervention: