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Pag. 23
Evaluation and Proposal for an Environmental Management System in
a Mango Plantation
Evaluación y Propuesta de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental en una Plantación de Mango
José Estiven Pincay Moran
1
; Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan
2
; Armando Fabrizzio López Vargas
3
; Francisco Javier
Duque-Aldaz
4
* ; William Villamagua Castillo
5
; Ricardo Sánchez Casanova
6
Research
Articles
X
Review
Articles
Essay
Articles
* Author for correspondence..
Abstract.
A mango farm in Los Ríos province, Ecuador, lacked an Environmental Management System (EMS) and had rudimentary management of fertilizers,
pesticides and waste. The objective of the research was to design an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 for the farm in order to improve its environmental
performance and facilitate compliance with environmental regulations. For the development of the research, surveys were applied to workers to assess
their knowledge of environmental management and a tour of the hacienda's facilities was conducted to observe its processes. The results were analyzed
and an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 was proposed. As a result, it was found that most of the workers had no knowledge of environmental management.
The farm did not have an EMS in place and faced challenges in water management and waste management. The proposal to implement an EMS based
on ISO 14001:2015 would allow the farm to improve its environmental performance and meet its certification objectives in the medium term. Therefore,
it can be concluded that the proposal to implement an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 would allow the farm to improve its environmental performance
and meet its certification objectives in the medium term.
Keywords.
Environmental Management System (EMS), ISO 14001:2015 Standard, Mango farm, Sustainable agriculture, Good agricultural practices, Corporate
Social Responsibility.
Resumen.
Una hacienda productora de mangos en la provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador, carecía de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental (SGA) y presentaba un manejo
rudimentario de fertilizantes, pesticidas y residuos. La investigación tuvo como objetivo el diseñar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 para la
hacienda, con el fin de mejorar su desempeño ambiental y facilitar el cumplimiento de las regulaciones ambientales. Para el desarrollo de la investigación
se aplicaron encuestas a los trabajadores para evaluar su conocimiento sobre gestión ambiental y se realizó un recorrido por las instalaciones de la hacienda
para observar sus procesos. Se analizaron los resultados y se propuso un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015. Como resultado se obtuvo que la
mayoría de los trabajadores no poseían conocimientos sobre gestión ambiental. La hacienda no contaba con un SGA implementado y enfrentaba desafíos
en la gestión del agua y en el manejo de residuos. La propuesta de implementar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 permitiría a la hacienda
mejorar su desempeño ambiental y cumplir con sus objetivos de certificación a mediano plazo. Por lo que se puede concluir que la propuesta de
implementar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 permitiría a la hacienda mejorar su desempeño ambiental y cumplir con sus objetivos de
certificación a mediano plazo.
Palabras clave.
Sistema de Gestión Ambiental (SGA), Norma ISO 14001:2015, Hacienda productora de mangos, Agricultura sostenible, Buenas prácticas agrícolas,
Responsabilidad social empresarial.
1.- Introduction
In the current context, environmental management has become increasingly important for many companies, due to the benefits
it brings both economically and in the conservation of natural resources. Environmental management systems (EMS) provide a
structured framework for companies to identify, evaluate and control the environmental impacts of their activities, facilitating a
more sustainable operation and compliance with environmental regulations.
This study focuses on a mango farm located in the province of Los Ríos, canton Palenque, Ecuador, which faces significant
environmental challenges. The farm, which covers 16.13 hectares (of which 15.82 hectares are dedicated to mango cultivation),
does not have a formal environmental management system, which has led to inadequate waste management and problems related
to fertilizer use and noise pollution. Currently, waste accumulates without classification, which complicates its management and
can generate pollution problems [1].
In the absence of an EMS, farm management has difficulty making informed decisions and effectively addressing environmental
risks. In addition, the lack of knowledge of the ISO 14001:2015 standard, both on the part of the manager and staff. The
1
Investigado Independiente ; josepincay14@gmail.com ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
2
Investigado Independiente ; jordanramirez761@gmail.com; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
3
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, alopez@ups.edu.ec ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6520-8011 ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
4
Universidad de Guayaquil ; francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-1635 ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
5
Universidad de Guayaquil ; william.villamaguaca@ug.edu.ec ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-9606 ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
6
Universidad de La Habana; Profesor e investigador en el Centro de Estudios para el Perfeccionamiento de la Educación Superior (CEPES);
ricardo.sanchez@matcom.uh.cu ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5354-6873 ; La Habana, Cuba.
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Pag. 24
environmental management system, however, limits the farm's ability to implement effective environmental controls and
mitigation measures. These challenges highlight the need to develop an appropriate environmental management system that will
enable the farm to improve its environmental performance, comply with regulations and lay the groundwork for environmental
certification in the medium term.
The objective of this study is to design an Environmental Management System (EMS) based on ISO 14001:2015 for the mango
farm in the Palenque canton. The purpose of this EMS is to improve the environmental performance of the farm, promote
sustainable practices among its workers, and facilitate compliance with current environmental regulations.
The implementation of an EMS at this farm will not only help mitigate the environmental impacts of its agricultural activities,
but will also optimize the use of resources such as water and energy, reducing costs and improving its competitiveness in the
market. This approach is in line with the current demands of consumers and regulators who favor products from companies with
environmentally responsible practices.
1.1 The importance of environmental management on mango farms.
Environmental management is fundamental in the agricultural industry, especially on mango farms, as it allows the identification,
evaluation and control of the environmental impacts generated by their production activities. The implementation of an
Environmental Management System (EMS) facilitates the adoption of sustainable practices and the efficient use of resources,
helping companies to reduce their negative effects on the environment and comply with current regulations. In a context where
sustainability and social responsibility are increasingly valued, environmental management becomes a key component for the
competitiveness and longevity of farms, particularly those facing the challenges of intensive agriculture [2].
The environmental risks on these farms are multiple and are largely related to the intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides,
which can lead to contamination of water sources and soil degradation. In addition, practices such as agricultural expansion
without adequate planning can contribute to soil erosion and deforestation, threatening the biodiversity of rural areas. These
factors not only affect crop productivity, but also impose environmental risks to surrounding communities and ecosystems. Thus,
a well-structured EMS not only has the potential to mitigate these impacts, but also favors a more sustainable agriculture that
respects the natural environment [3].
Likewise, adopting an environmental management approach to mango production brings economic benefits by optimizing the
use of inputs such as water and energy, which reduces operating costs and improves long-term profitability. In addition, an EMS
can improve the company's image, since today's consumers prefer products from environmentally responsible companies, which
helps attract new customers and consolidate the loyalty of current ones. In this sense, environmental management not only
responds to a regulatory obligation, but also to a market demand that values sustainability as a differentiating attribute [4].
The implementation of a well-structured EMS enables farms not only to meet their environmental responsibilities, but also to
generate a positive impact on their environment and establish a sustainable production model. Aligning operations with
environmental standards, such as ISO 14001:2015, encourages the adoption of good agricultural practices that protect natural
resources and contribute to the sustainable development of the mango industry in the region.
1.1.1. Benefits of environmental management on mango farms.
The implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) in mango farms brings multiple benefits that go beyond
regulatory compliance, optimizing internal processes and contributing to environmental well-being. One of the main benefits is
the reduction of operating costs. By improving efficiency in the use of critical resources such as water and energy, farms can
reduce significant expenses in these areas. For example, by employing efficient irrigation systems, water consumption is
optimized, resulting in lower costs and improved crop sustainability [5].
In addition, the adoption of an EMS can improve the company's public image. In a context where consumers are increasingly
informed and concerned about the environmental impact of the products they purchase, companies that demonstrate
environmental responsibility are often preferred. This represents a competitive advantage in the marketplace, allowing mango
farms to attract and retain customers who value environmental commitment and sustainable practices.
An EMS also facilitates compliance with environmental regulations, both nationally and internationally, which is essential to
avoid penalties and ensure business continuity. In many countries, environmental regulations for the agricultural sector are
becoming increasingly stringent, and an EMS provides a structure that enables companies to remain in compliance with these
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Pag. 25
requirements on an ongoing basis. This compliance not only reduces the risk of sanctions, but also reinforces the farm's reputation
as a reliable and ethical operator.
These benefits reflect how environmental management can transform the production approach of mango farms, promoting
practices that not only reduce their ecological impact, but also strengthen their market position and improve their economic
performance. A well-implemented EMS enables farms to respond to both regulatory demands and consumer expectations,
strengthening their competitiveness and long-term sustainability.
1.1.2. Environmental impacts of agricultural activities in mango farms
Intensive agricultural activities on mango farms can generate significant environmental impacts if not properly managed. One
of the main problems is water pollution, caused mainly by the excessive use of agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides.
These products, when applied in an uncontrolled manner, can leach into nearby bodies of water, affecting both surface sources
and subway aquifers. This water pollution represents a risk to aquatic ecosystems and to the communities that depend on these
resources for their basic needs [6].
In addition to water pollution, the improper application of fertilizers and pesticides can lead to soil degradation, reducing its
fertility and impacting the long-term productivity of crops. The accumulation of chemicals in the soil alters its natural properties,
making it less suitable for agriculture and limiting its ability to support plant and microbial life. This phenomenon also contributes
to soil erosion, as degraded soil is more susceptible to nutrient loss and erosion caused by wind and water.
Another significant impact is deforestation and biodiversity loss, which often occur when agricultural areas expand without
proper management. Agricultural expansion can fragment essential natural habitats, leading to the extinction of native species
and disrupting the balance of local ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation for intensive agriculture contributes to climate change
by increasing greenhouse gas emissions due to the loss of vegetation that normally acts as a carbon sink.
These environmental impacts are particularly concerning in the context of sustainable agriculture, where the goal is to minimize
disruptions to the natural environment. The implementation of a well-designed and managed Environmental Management
System (EMS) can help mango-producing farms mitigate these negative effects by promoting responsible agricultural practices
that contribute to the protection of water, soil, and biodiversity. With an appropriate environmental management approach, it is
possible to reduce the ecological footprint of agricultural production while ensuring the sustainability and resilience of mango
cultivation in the face of current environmental challenges [7] [8].
1.2 Benefits of implementing an Environmental Management System (EMS) based on the ISO 14001:2015 standard.
The implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) in accordance with the ISO 14001:2015 standard provides
significant benefits to mango-producing farms, both in terms of environmental sustainability and operational efficiency. The ISO
14001:2015 standard offers a systematic framework that enables organizations to identify, manage, and mitigate the
environmental risks associated with their activities, while promoting continuous improvement and compliance with applicable
environmental regulations. In the context of a mango farm, a well-implemented EMS facilitates the reduction of operational
costs through efficient resource use, waste recycling, and process optimization [9] [10].
One of the key benefits of an EMS based on the ISO 14001:2015 standard is cost reduction, as efficiency in water and energy
consumption significantly lowers operating expenses. For instance, by implementing energy-saving practices and efficient
irrigation techniques, the farm can optimize its resources and reduce costs for essential inputs. Additionally, waste recycling and
proper waste disposal help decrease management costs while simultaneously preventing pollution and resource waste [11].
Another important benefit is the improvement of the farm's public image, as consumers and business partners increasingly value
sustainably sourced products and environmentally responsible business practices. An EMS based on the ISO 14001:2015
standard strengthens the farm’s competitiveness in the market by highlighting its commitment to environmental stewardship and
aligning with the expectations of environmentally conscious consumers. This positive image not only attracts new customers but
also enhances the loyalty of existing ones, demonstrating that the company upholds high sustainability standards.
Compliance with environmental regulations is another fundamental benefit provided by an ISO 14001:2015 EMS, as it ensures
that the farm's operations comply with both local and international environmental laws. This helps avoid penalties and legal
issues arising from non-compliance, providing the farm with operational stability and a reputation as a responsible organization.
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Pag. 26
The ability to comply with regulations also facilitates the acquisition of environmental certifications, which can open doors to
markets that require high sustainability standards [12].
Additionally, the ISO 14001:2015 standard promotes operational efficiency by helping farms identify and manage environmental
risks, set clear objectives, and conduct periodic audits to assess progress and ensure continuous improvement. This structured
approach not only enhances environmental performance but also increases employee engagement and satisfaction, as they can
actively contribute to an important cause. Job satisfaction is enhanced when staff members are part of a sustainability effort that
benefits both the environment and the community [13].
1.3. Practices and Technologies to Improve Water Management in Mango-Producing Farms
Efficient water management is one of the most significant challenges for mango-producing farms, especially in regions
experiencing significant climate variability or where water availability is limited. The responsible and sustainable use of this
resource is essential to ensure the continuity of agricultural activities and environmental protection. Implementing innovative
technologies and practices allows farms to optimize water use, reduce consumption, and mitigate the negative effects of water
scarcity [14] [15].
One key practice is the use of efficient irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. These systems deliver
water directly to the plant roots, minimizing evaporation and runoff, thereby enabling more effective resource use. Drip irrigation,
in particular, is highly efficient in water delivery and can be controlled based on the specific needs of the plant, reducing waste
and improving crop productivity. Installing efficient irrigation systems is an investment justified by savings in water consumption
and improvements in crop quality.
Furthermore, rainwater harvesting is an effective strategy for farms, especially in areas where the rainy season is limited. By
collecting rainwater, farms can accumulate reserves that can be used during dry periods. To implement this practice, farms can
install gutter systems and storage tanks that capture water directly from rooftops or catchment areas, allowing for its subsequent
use in irrigation activities.
Green roofs, which also facilitate rainwater harvesting, provide the additional benefit of improving air quality and reducing the
temperature within the facilities [16].
Another relevant practice is the reuse of greywater, which involves treating water from domestic or agricultural activities for use
in irrigation. By using filtration and disinfection systems, farms can safely utilize this water and reduce the demand for potable
water. This technique, in addition to being a sustainable alternative, helps conserve water resources and minimize environmental
impact.
Proper management of fertilizers and pesticides is also essential for protecting nearby water sources. The controlled and efficient
application of these inputs reduces the risk of water contamination, which is crucial for preserving biodiversity and the health of
local ecosystems. Planning fertilizer and pesticide applications based on the actual needs of the crop and prevailing climatic
conditions can minimize runoff into nearby water bodies and prevent soil degradation [17].
These practices, combined with the implementation of appropriate technologies, enable mango-producing farms to manage water
efficiently, minimize environmental impact, and promote sustainable production. The adoption of these strategies not only
contributes to the conservation of water resources but also enhances the farm's resilience to water scarcity, thus ensuring the
long-term sustainability and competitiveness of mango cultivation [18].
1.4. Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Activities on Mango-Producing Farms
Intensive agricultural activities, such as those carried out on mango-producing farms, can have significant environmental impacts
if not properly managed. Among the most important effects are water and soil pollution due to the excessive use of agrochemicals.
Fertilizers and pesticides applied indiscriminately can leach into both surface and groundwater sources, altering their composition
and negatively affecting aquatic ecosystems. This contamination poses risks not only to local biodiversity but also to the health
of communities that rely on these water sources for drinking and irrigation.
Soil degradation is another critical environmental impact associated with intensive agriculture. The excessive use of chemicals
and the lack of soil conservation techniques can lead to a decline in soil fertility, reducing its productivity over time. Moreover,
degraded soils are more susceptible to erosion, which can result in the loss of fertile layers and, consequently, a diminished
capacity of the land to sustain plant life. This degradation affects both the sustainability of the crop and the ecological structure
of the area by eliminating habitats and reducing biodiversity.
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Another relevant impact is deforestation and biodiversity loss, which often accompany the expansion of cultivated areas. The
expansion of agricultural land to meet the growing demand for agricultural products frequently leads to the removal of native
vegetation and the fragmentation of natural habitats, thereby compromising the survival of local species. The reduction of forest
cover also contributes to climate change, as trees play a crucial role in carbon sequestration. The loss of these vegetative areas
results in increased greenhouse gas emissions, thereby accelerating global warming [19].
Climate change, in itself, is an environmental impact stemming from conventional agricultural practices that generate significant
emissions of greenhouse gases. From the use of agricultural machinery to the emissions from fertilizers, intensive agricultural
activities contribute to the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere. This exacerbates climate variations, negatively affecting
crop productivity and food security.
To address these impacts, mango-producing farms can implement an Environmental Management System (EMS) that integrates
sustainable practices, such as the controlled use of agrochemicals, reforestation, and the conservation of water and soil resources.
By doing so, it is possible to mitigate the negative effects of agriculture on the environment, promoting a more sustainable
production model that does not compromise biodiversity or the availability of natural resources for future generations. The
adoption of a responsible environmental management approach enables farms to operate in a more ethical and resilient manner,
contributing to the preservation of the natural environment and reinforcing their commitment to sustainability [20] [21].
2. Materials and Methods
This research adopted a mixed-methods approach, integrating descriptive and analytical methods to thoroughly assess the state
of environmental management on a mango-producing farm. The methodological design was structured into five interrelated
phases, which allowed for a holistic view of the study subject:
2.1. Documentary Review
A systematic review of specialized literature was conducted, including:
• Indexed academic publications on Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
• Technical documentation of the ISO 14001:2015 standard
• Manuals and guidelines for best agricultural practices
• Applicable environmental legislation relevant to the sector
This phase established the necessary theoretical-conceptual framework for the development of the proposed EMS.
2.2. Primary Data Collection
Semi-structured Surveys
Data collection instruments were implemented targeting two primary groups:
• Administrative personnel: Focused on environmental management policies and strategies
• Operational personnel: Focused on daily practices and field procedures
The instruments assessed:
• Level of knowledge regarding environmental management
• Waste management practices
• Agricultural input usage protocols
• Perceptions of environmental impacts
Direct Observation
A systematic data collection process was conducted through:
• Detailed inspection of facilities
• On-site verification of operational procedures
• Identification of critical points in resource management [22].
2.3. Data Analysis and Interpretation
The collected data was processed using:
• Descriptive statistical analysis of quantitative data
• Content analysis for qualitative data
• Source triangulation to validate findings
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Pag. 28
• Identification of significant patterns and trends
This process enabled:
• Diagnosis of the current state of environmental management
• Identification of strengths and areas for improvement
• Establishment of intervention priorities
• Validation of the feasibility of the proposals
2.4. Development of the Proposal
Based on the comprehensive analysis of the data, a proposal for an Environmental Management System (EMS) aligned with ISO
14001:2015 was designed, which includes:
• Customized environmental policy
• Measurable strategic objectives
• Specific action programs
• Environmental performance indicators
• Monitoring and control procedures
• Phase-based implementation plan
The applied methodology ensured a comprehensive diagnosis of the current situation and facilitated the design of a proposal
tailored to the specific needs of the organization.
3.- Analysis and Interpretation of Results
This section presents the main findings and results obtained from the surveys conducted with the workers of the mango-producing
farm, aiming to diagnose the knowledge and perceptions of the staff regarding environmental management issues. The
contributions of the personnel constitute a valuable source of primary data for identifying strengths and areas for improvement
related to waste management, production practices, and input management.
Below, the quantitative and qualitative results derived from the responses provided by the consulted staff are detailed, allowing
for the establishment of baseline data on their environmental awareness and the required capabilities.
3.1. Analysis of the Survey Conducted with the Farm Workers
Table 1. How much do you know about what an EMS ("Environmental Management System") is?
Responses
Number of people
Percentage
Nothing
15
75%
Little
5
25%
Quite
0
0
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 1 shows that 75% of employees have no knowledge of what an Environmental Management System (EMS) is, while only
25% possess basic understanding. This result reveals a significant lack of training on environmental topics, highlighting the need
to implement a structured training program that covers the principles of environmental management. This training should be
ongoing and tailored to the farm’s context to ensure that all staff acquire the necessary knowledge for the proper implementation
of an EMS.
Table 2. Have you received training on environmental topics?
Responses
Number of people
Percentage
YES
13
65%
NO
7
35%
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 2 indicates that 65% of employees have received some form of environmental training, while 35% have not been
trained in these topics. Although the farm has made some efforts, it is clear that the scope and content of the training programs
need to be expanded. It is essential to develop a comprehensive training plan that not only covers basic aspects but also
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addresses advanced topics such as waste management, energy conservation, and the ISO 14001:2015 standard. This program
should include in-person workshops, seminars, and online training options to effectively reach all employees.
Table 3. What environmental training topics have you received?
Responses
Number
of people
Percentage
Environmental laws
1
5%
ISO 14001:2015
Standards
0
0%
Waste handling
1
5%
None
12
60%
Others
6
30%
Total
20
100%
Regarding the topics covered in the training, Table 3 shows that most employees have received training in waste handling (60%),
but critical topics such as ISO 14001:2015 standards (0%) and energy conservation have not been addressed. This gap indicates
that the training has been partial and does not cover key areas of environmental management. To improve, it is necessary to
include topics that promote the efficient use of resources and compliance with international standards, which will not only benefit
the environment but also reduce operational costs.
Table 4. Are you aware if the estate cares about protecting and preserving the environment by developing and implementing an
Environmental Management System?
Responses
Number of
people
Percentage
YES
0
0%
NO
19
95%
Unaware
1
5%
TOTAL
20
100%
According to Table 4, 95% of employees are unaware if the estate has implemented an Environmental Management System
(EMS), highlighting a lack of internal communication. This suggests that, although the estate may have some environmental
initiatives, employees are neither involved in nor informed about these actions. To address this, the estate should establish more
effective communication channels, such as publishing environmental reports, internal newsletters, and creating an environmental
committee with employees from all levels.
Table 5. Based on the previous question, if you answered YES, please specify how it is carried out. If you answered NO, please
indicate "none."
Responses
Number
of
people
Percentage
Recycles
0
0%
Saves energy
0
0%
There is separation according to the type
of waste ("organic or inorganic")
0
0%
Follows the principle of paper
conservation
0
0%
None
20
100%
Total
20
100%
In Table 5, the results show that none of the employees were able to identify specific environmental practices such as recycling
or energy conservation. This confirms the absence of structured environmental management measures at the estate. It is essential
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Pag. 30
to establish clear procedures for waste classification and energy use optimization. Additionally, the implementation of collection
points is recommended to facilitate proper waste disposal.
Table 6. Does the estate have environmental regulations and measures?
Responses
Number of people
Percentage
YES
0
0%
NO
11
55%
Unaware
9
45%
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 6 reveals that 55% of employees believe the estate does not have environmental regulations, while 45% are unaware if
such regulations exist. This high level of ignorance reflects a lack of transparency in communicating the company's
environmental policies. It is crucial for the estate to implement clear policies and communicate them effectively to all staff. This
can be achieved through informational sessions and the publication of easily accessible internal regulations.
Table 7. Does the estate have collection points (“sets of bins placed in a specific location for disposing of waste”) to store waste
during harvesting and packing?
Responses
Number of
people
Percentage
SI
2
10%
NO
10
90%
TOTAL
20
100%
According to Table 7, 90% of employees state that there are no collection points for waste management during harvesting. This
is concerning, as proper waste management is key to reducing the environmental impact of agricultural operations. The estate
should install collection points in strategic locations and ensure that all employees know how to use them correctly. This, along
with hiring a company specialized in waste management, will ensure more efficient and sustainable waste handling.
Table 8. Knowing that environmental pollution is increasing every day due to various agricultural, industrial, and service
processes, how important do you think it is to care for the environment?
Responses
Number of
people
Percentage
Not important
0
0%
Slightly important
0
0%
Important
9
45%
Very important
11
55%
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 8 shows that 55% of employees consider protecting the environment to be "very important," and 45% consider it
"important." Although there is a general environmental awareness, it is necessary to reinforce this through training that provides
practical tools to enable employees to contribute effectively to the sustainability of the estate.
Table 9. Would you be willing to change your way of working in order to protect the environment?
Respuestas
Número de
personas
Porcentaje
YES
20
100%
NO
0
0%
TOTAL
20
100%
100% of the employees surveyed are willing to modify their work practices to protect the environment. This is a positive
indicator that the estate should leverage to implement an Environmental Management System (EMS) that has the support of the
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staff. The formation of an environmental committee made up of employees who act as change agents within their work areas
could be an effective strategy.
Table 10. Knowing that an EMS ("Environmental Management System") allows an organization to control all its activities,
services, and products that may cause an environmental impact, how do you think an EMS would benefit the organization?
Responses
Number
of
people
Percentage
Reduction of costs in waste
management
0
0%
Facilitates compliance with
environmental legislation
2
10%
Reduction of pollution
9
45%
Increases customer trust
1
5%
All of the above
8
40%
TOTAL
20
100%
According to Table 10, 45% of employees identify the reduction of pollution as the main benefit of an EMS, while 40% believe
it facilitates compliance with legislation. However, only 10% mention cost reduction in waste management. This highlights the
need to educate staff on the economic benefits that a well-implemented EMS can bring, such as resource optimization and
reduced fines for non-compliance with regulations.
3.2. Employee Training on Environmental Management.
A training plan is essential to increase employees' knowledge and skills on environmental issues. Given the low level of
knowledge detected in the surveys, it is a priority to design a training program that is accessible, practical, and low-cost. The
estate can choose to develop an internal program using existing materials and resources or hire an external consultant specialized
in environmental management to provide more structured training.
The objective of the plan is that the staff will be able to:
• Identify the environmental impacts of their daily activities.
• Implement best practices for waste management and efficient use of resources.
• Actively contribute to the proposed Environmental Management System (EMS).
Priority topics for training:
To ensure that workers acquire the necessary knowledge, the training will be structured into thematic modules delivered in one-
hour weekly theoretical sessions, complemented by practical activities on the estate. The main topics include:
1. Introduction to Environmental Management: Key concepts, importance, and benefits of an Environmental Management
System (EMS).
2. Waste Management: Classification and proper management of waste in the field.
3. Efficient Resource Use: Methods to reduce water and energy consumption on the estate.
4. Pollution Prevention: Measures to prevent soil and water pollution.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Relevant environmental legislation and principles of ISO 14001:2015.
6. Audits and Continuous Improvement: Procedures for internal audits and environmental performance monitoring.
7. Biodiversity Conservation: The importance of preserving local ecosystems.
These sessions should be adapted to the staff’s educational level and the demands of their daily tasks, allowing for easy
integration of daily work with new environmental practices.
Implementation of the Plan:
It is crucial that the training sessions be interactive and include practical field demonstrations. Additionally, periodic assessments
are recommended to measure the effectiveness of the program and adjust content based on the results. The success of the training
plan should be measured not only by the level of knowledge gained but also by the effective application of environmental
practices in the estate's daily operations.
3.3. Development of a Recycling and Composting Program:
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The development of a recycling and composting program on the estate is an effective and relatively accessible measure to reduce
environmental impact. Although this initiative would not require large initial investments, its implementation needs to be planned
in a structured way to ensure long-term sustainability.
The first step involves separating the waste into recyclable (plastics, metals, paper) and compostable (food and vegetable scraps)
categories. The estate can set up collection points in strategic locations and later collaborate with a specialized waste management
company to process these materials.
Components of the Recycling and Composting Program:
• Clear and Measurable Objectives:
o Define specific targets, such as recycling 50% of the waste generated within one year or composting 25% of organic
waste. These goals should be aligned with the overall objectives of the EMS.
• Scope of Application:
o Include all sectors of the estate, from production areas to offices, covering waste types such as plastics, paper, organic
waste, and hazardous waste.
• Responsibility and Role Assignment:
o Appoint an environmental coordinator to oversee the implementation of the program and assign specific tasks to
employees. For example, the field manager may be responsible for waste separation, while the logistics manager may
coordinate the transportation of waste to recycling and composting facilities.
• Operational Procedures:
o Develop detailed procedures specifying how waste should be separated, how containers should be used, and how safety
should be ensured during the handling of hazardous waste. These procedures should be clearly documented and
reviewed periodically to ensure their effectiveness.
• Continuing education program:
o Train staff on the proper separation and handling of waste. It is essential that employees understand which types of
waste can be recycled or composted, how to use the assigned containers, and how to follow safety procedures.
• Monitoring and Evaluation:
o Implement a tracking system to measure the quantity of waste recycled and composted on a monthly basis. Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs) would include the reduction of waste sent to landfills, waste management costs, and
benefits derived from compost production. This data should be analyzed quarterly to evaluate progress and make
adjustments as needed.
Program implementation and follow-up:
Once the plan is developed, it is crucial to continuously monitor its implementation to ensure that objectives are met. This may
include regular inspections of recycling points, waste audits, and periodic meetings with staff to discuss potential improvements.
The success of the program will be measured in terms of waste reduction, savings in disposal costs, and the production of quality
compost that can be reused in the estate's agricultural operations.
Timeline for Developing a Recycling and Composting Plan
Below is a proposed detailed timeline for the development and implementation of a recycling and composting plan on the estate,
with specific timeframes for each stage.
Month 1: Evaluation and Planning
• Evaluate generated waste: Conduct an initial assessment of the types and quantities of waste generated on the farm,
classifying them as recyclable and compostable.
• Set objectives: Define clear and measurable goals, such as reducing landfill waste by 50% and composting at least 25% of
the generated organic waste.
Month 2: Plan Design and Training
• Develop the recycling and composting plan: Include clear procedures for waste separation, container placement, and waste
transport routes to processing facilities.
• Train staff: Provide practical workshops on how to properly separate and manage waste, using demonstrations with the
equipment and containers that will be implemented.
Month 3: Equipment Acquisition and Program Implementation
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• Acquire necessary equipment: Purchase recycling bins, composters, and other equipment. If possible, consider reusable bins
or those made from recycled materials.
• Initiate program implementation: Place containers in strategic locations on the farm and begin waste separation at the source.
Month 4: Initial Monitoring
• Monitor and evaluate the program: Conduct an internal audit to ensure staff is complying with the plan and evaluate the
amount of waste recycled and composted against established goals.
Subsequent Months: Evaluation and Continuous Improvement
• Continue monitoring: Review performance indicators monthly, such as tons of waste processed and cost savings in
disposal.
• Promote the program: Strengthen staff commitment through educational campaigns and encourage farm visitors to
participate in the recycling and composting program.
Tips for Effective Implementation:
• Assign specific roles: Designate employees responsible for overseeing waste separation and coordinating logistics with
waste management providers.
• Use incentives: Implement a recognition system for employees who stand out in their commitment to recycling and
composting.
• Engage the community: Collaborate with local recycling and composting companies and promote public-private
partnerships to ensure the program's sustainability.
3.4. Improving Water Management in a Mango Plantation in Los Ríos Province, Ecuador
Los Ríos Province, one of Ecuador's main mango-producing regions, faces significant water management challenges due to
climatic variability, including recurrent droughts and floods. Improving water management in mango plantations is essential not
only for the sustainability of production but also for adapting to climate change in the region.
Recommended Practices for Improving Water Management:
1. Efficient Irrigation:
o Drip irrigation system: This system delivers water directly to the roots of the trees, significantly reducing evaporation
and ensuring optimal water use during drought periods.
o Irrigation automation: Use humidity sensors and weather stations to automate irrigation based on specific crop needs
and climatic conditions.
2. Rainwater Harvesting and Storage:
o Build reservoirs or implement rainwater harvesting systems on the farm to capture this resource during the rainy season
and use it in dry periods.
3. Graywater Reuse:
o Install graywater treatment systems from farm facilities to reuse it for crop irrigation or other agricultural activities. This
method reduces potable water use for irrigation, maximizing water efficiency.
4. Fertilizer and Pesticide Management:
o Apply fertilizers and pesticides efficiently to minimize the risk of runoff and ensure that these substances are used in
appropriate quantities and at the right time to reduce environmental impact.
5. Water Source Contamination:
o Implement soil conservation measures, such as the construction of terraces and contour ditches, to prevent erosion and
protect nearby water bodies. Planting vegetative barriers along the banks of rivers and streams will also contribute to
the protection of the resource.
Benefits of Efficient Water Management:
• Cost Reduction: The implementation of efficient irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting decreases the use of potable
water, thus reducing operational costs.
• Increased Productivity: A constant water supply during drought periods improves both the quality and quantity of mango
production.
• Long-Term Sustainability: Protecting water sources and reusing water resources enhances the farm's resilience to climate
change, ensuring the long-term viability of the business.
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• Regulatory Compliance: Implementing good water management practices ensures compliance with both local and
international environmental regulations.
Monitoring and Evaluation of the Water Management Program:
Continuous monitoring of the implemented improvements is key. The use of humidity sensors, measuring the volume of recycled
water, and analyzing crop productivity will help assess the success of the measures. Periodic adjustments to irrigation techniques
and water reuse will ensure that optimal water balance is maintained in the plantation.
4. Discussion
One of the key findings of this study is that the majority of workers on the mango-producing estate lack knowledge about
environmental management, which aligns with previous research conducted in other agricultural contexts in Ecuador [14]. The
lack of training in environmental management not only limits the adoption of sustainable practices but also hinders compliance
with current environmental regulations. This deficiency is especially concerning in a sector where sustainability is increasingly
demanded by consumers and international regulations [9].
Another relevant finding is that the estate lacks a formally implemented Environmental Management System (EMS). This
situation reflects a common pattern in small and medium-sized agricultural operations in Ecuador, as documented in previous
studies [23]. The absence of an EMS hinders the organization’s ability to identify, manage, and mitigate the environmental
impacts generated by its operations, such as inefficient resource use and poor waste management [5], [8].
Regarding specific challenges related to water and waste management, similar issues to those reported in fruit farms in other
Latin American countries were identified. When not properly managed, these areas tend to generate significant environmental
impacts, such as contamination of water sources and soil degradation. The implementation of an EMS could address these
problems by providing a clear framework for the efficient management of these resources [16], [17].
Finally, the hypothesis that implementing an EMS based on the ISO 14001:2015 standard would improve the estate's
environmental performance was supported by the results obtained. Existing literature shows that agricultural organizations
adopting this standard not only improve their environmental performance but also enhance their competitiveness in international
markets and ensure regulatory compliance [10], [20].
The findings of this study not only partially validate the proposed hypotheses but also highlight the urgent need to strengthen
environmental management capabilities within the agricultural sector. This study can serve as a basis for future research on the
actual impacts of implementing EMSs in the region.
5. Conclusions
Based on the analysis of the results obtained, the following key conclusions can be drawn regarding the proposed implementation
of an Environmental Management System (EMS) based on the ISO 14001:2015 standard on the mango-producing estate:
Lack of an EMS: The estate currently lacks a formal environmental management system, which has led to inadequate
management of critical resources such as fertilizers, pesticides, and waste. This deficiency increases the environmental risks
associated with its operations and reduces its ability to comply with current regulations.
Deficiencies in training: Most workers on the estate lack the necessary knowledge about the benefits and importance of
implementing an EMS. This lack of training is a significant barrier to adopting sustainable practices and improving
environmental performance.
Potential benefits of implementing an EMS: The proposal for an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 will enable the estate to
achieve its medium-term environmental certification goals, with benefits such as reducing operational costs, ensuring regulatory
compliance, and improving its public image.
Relevance of the Study for the Agricultural Sector:
This study not only has implications for the estate analyzed, but it can also serve as a model for other agricultural operations
seeking to improve their environmental performance. The adoption of Environmental Management Systems (EMS) in the
agricultural sector will significantly contribute to reducing the country's ecological footprint.
Future Research:
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Future studies should be conducted to measure the actual impacts of EMS implementation, using performance indicators such
as the reduction in agrochemical use and the improvement of water and soil quality. These studies will help validate the long-
term benefits of these systems in similar contexts.
The implementation of an EMS on the studied estate is not only feasible but also necessary to ensure the sustainability of its
operations in the long term and to improve its competitiveness in demanding markets.
6.- Author Contributions.
1. Conceptualization: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan, Francisco Javier Duque-Aldaz.
2. Data Curation: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan; William Villamagua Castillo.
3. Formal analysis: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan; William Villamagua Castillo.
4. Acquisition of funds: N/A.
5. Investigation: William Villamagua Castillo; Armando Fabrizzio López Vargas.
6. Methodology: William Villamagua Castillo; Ricardo Sánchez Casanova.
7. Project Administration: William Villamagua Castillo; Francisco Javier Duque-Aldaz.
8. Resources: N/A.
9. Software: N/A.
10. Supervision: William Villamagua Castillo; Armando López Vargas.
11. Validation: Francisco Javier Duque-Aldaz; Ricardo Sánchez Casanova.
12. Visualization: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan; William Villamagua Castillo.
13. Writing - original draft: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan, William Villamagua Castillo.
14. Writing - proofreading and editing: Armando Fabrizzio López Vargas; Francisco Javier Duque-Aldaz; Ricardo Sánchez
Casanova.
7.- References.
[1]
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[14]
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