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Facultad de
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Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
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https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
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Pag. 23
Evaluation and Proposal for an Environmental Management System in
a Mango Plantation
Evaluación y Propuesta de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental en una Plantación de Mango
José Estiven Pincay Moran
1
; Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan
2
; Armando Fabrizzio López Vargas
3
; Francisco Javier
Duque-Aldaz
4
* ; William Villamagua Castillo
5
; Ricardo Sánchez Casanova
6
Research
Articles
X
Review
Articles
Essay
Articles
* Author for correspondence.
Abstract.
A mango farm in Los Ríos province, Ecuador, lacked an Environmental Management System (EMS) and had rudimentary management of fertilizers,
pesticides and waste. The objective of the research was to design an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 for the farm in order to improve its environmental
performance and facilitate compliance with environmental regulations. For the development of the research, surveys were applied to workers to assess
their knowledge of environmental management and a tour of the hacienda's facilities was conducted to observe its processes. The results were analyzed
and an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 was proposed. As a result, it was found that most of the workers had no knowledge of environmental management.
The farm did not have an EMS in place and faced challenges in water management and waste management. The proposal to implement an EMS based
on ISO 14001:2015 would allow the farm to improve its environmental performance and meet its certification objectives in the medium term. Therefore,
it can be concluded that the proposal to implement an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 would allow the farm to improve its environmental performance
and meet its certification objectives in the medium term.
Keywords.
Environmental Management System (EMS), ISO 14001:2015 Standard, Mango farm, Sustainable agriculture, Good agricultural practices, Corporate
Social Responsibility.
Resumen.
Una hacienda productora de mangos en la provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador, carecía de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental (SGA) y presentaba un manejo
rudimentario de fertilizantes, pesticidas y residuos. La investigación tuvo como objetivo el diseñar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 para la
hacienda, con el fin de mejorar su desempeño ambiental y facilitar el cumplimiento de las regulaciones ambientales. Para el desarrollo de la investigación
se aplicaron encuestas a los trabajadores para evaluar su conocimiento sobre gestión ambiental y se realizó un recorrido por las instalaciones de la hacienda
para observar sus procesos. Se analizaron los resultados y se propuso un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015. Como resultado se obtuvo que la
mayoría de los trabajadores no poseían conocimientos sobre gestión ambiental. La hacienda no contaba con un SGA implementado y enfrentaba desafíos
en la gestión del agua y en el manejo de residuos. La propuesta de implementar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 permitiría a la hacienda
mejorar su desempeño ambiental y cumplir con sus objetivos de certificación a mediano plazo. Por lo que se puede concluir que la propuesta de
implementar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 permitiría a la hacienda mejorar su desempeño ambiental y cumplir con sus objetivos de
certificación a mediano plazo.
Palabras clave.
Sistema de Gestión Ambiental (SGA), Norma ISO 14001:2015, Hacienda productora de mangos, Agricultura sostenible, Buenas prácticas agrícolas,
Responsabilidad social empresarial.
1.- Introduction
In the current context, environmental management has
become increasingly important for many companies, due to
the benefits it brings both economically and in the
conservation of natural resources. Environmental
management systems (EMS) provide a structured
framework for companies to identify, evaluate and control
the environmental impacts of their activities, facilitating a
more sustainable operation and compliance with
environmental regulations.
1
Investigado Independiente ; josepincay14@gmail.com ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
2
Investigado Independiente ; jordanramirez761@gmail.com; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
3
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, alopez@ups.edu.ec ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6520-8011 ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
4
Universidad de Guayaquil ; francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-1635 ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
5
Universidad de Guayaquil ; william.villamaguaca@ug.edu.ec ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-9606 ; Guayaquil, Ecuador.
6
Universidad de La Habana; Profesor e investigador en el Centro de Estudios para el Perfeccionamiento de la Educación Superior (CEPES);
ricardo.sanchez@matcom.uh.cu ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5354-6873 ; La Habana, Cuba.
This study focuses on a mango farm located in the province
of Los Ríos, canton Palenque, Ecuador, which faces
significant environmental challenges. The farm, which
covers 16.13 hectares (of which 15.82 hectares are
dedicated to mango cultivation), does not have a formal
environmental management system, which has led to
inadequate waste management and problems related to
fertilizer use and noise pollution. Currently, waste
accumulates without classification, which complicates its
management and can generate pollution problems [1].
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Pag. 24
In the absence of an EMS, farm management has difficulty
making informed decisions and effectively addressing
environmental risks. In addition, the lack of knowledge of
the ISO 14001:2015 standard, both on the part of the
manager and staff. The environmental management system,
however, limits the farm's ability to implement effective
environmental controls and mitigation measures. These
challenges highlight the need to develop an appropriate
environmental management system that will enable the
farm to improve its environmental performance, comply
with regulations and lay the groundwork for environmental
certification in the medium term.
The objective of this study is to design an Environmental
Management System (EMS) based on ISO 14001:2015 for
the mango farm in the Palenque canton. The purpose of this
EMS is to improve the environmental performance of the
farm, promote sustainable practices among its workers, and
facilitate compliance with current environmental
regulations.
The implementation of an EMS at this farm will not only
help mitigate the environmental impacts of its agricultural
activities, but will also optimize the use of resources such
as water and energy, reducing costs and improving its
competitiveness in the market. This approach is in line with
the current demands of consumers and regulators who favor
products from companies with environmentally responsible
practices.
1.1 The importance of environmental management on
mango farms.
Environmental management is fundamental in the
agricultural industry, especially on mango farms, as it
allows the identification, evaluation and control of the
environmental impacts generated by their production
activities. The implementation of an Environmental
Management System (EMS) facilitates the adoption of
sustainable practices and the efficient use of resources,
helping companies to reduce their negative effects on the
environment and comply with current regulations. In a
context where sustainability and social responsibility are
increasingly valued, environmental management becomes a
key component for the competitiveness and longevity of
farms, particularly those facing the challenges of intensive
agriculture [2].
The environmental risks on these farms are multiple and are
largely related to the intensive use of fertilizers and
pesticides, which can lead to contamination of water
sources and soil degradation. In addition, practices such as
agricultural expansion without adequate planning can
contribute to soil erosion and deforestation, threatening the
biodiversity of rural areas. These factors not only affect crop
productivity, but also impose environmental risks to
surrounding communities and ecosystems. Thus, a well-
structured EMS not only has the potential to mitigate these
impacts, but also favors a more sustainable agriculture that
respects the natural environment [3].
Likewise, adopting an environmental management
approach to mango production brings economic benefits by
optimizing the use of inputs such as water and energy,
which reduces operating costs and improves long-term
profitability. In addition, an EMS can improve the
company's image, since today's consumers prefer products
from environmentally responsible companies, which helps
attract new customers and consolidate the loyalty of current
ones. In this sense, environmental management not only
responds to a regulatory obligation, but also to a market
demand that values sustainability as a differentiating
attribute [4].
The implementation of a well-structured EMS enables
farms not only to meet their environmental responsibilities,
but also to generate a positive impact on their environment
and establish a sustainable production model. Aligning
operations with environmental standards, such as ISO
14001:2015, encourages the adoption of good agricultural
practices that protect natural resources and contribute to the
sustainable development of the mango industry in the
region.
1.1.1. Benefits of environmental management on
mango farms.
The implementation of an Environmental Management
System (EMS) in mango farms brings multiple benefits that
go beyond regulatory compliance, optimizing internal
processes and contributing to environmental well-being.
One of the main benefits is the reduction of operating costs.
By improving efficiency in the use of critical resources such
as water and energy, farms can reduce significant expenses
in these areas. For example, by employing efficient
irrigation systems, water consumption is optimized,
resulting in lower costs and improved crop sustainability
[5].
In addition, the adoption of an EMS can improve the
company's public image. In a context where consumers are
increasingly informed and concerned about the
environmental impact of the products they purchase,
companies that demonstrate environmental responsibility
are often preferred. This represents a competitive advantage
in the marketplace, allowing mango farms to attract and
retain customers who value environmental commitment and
sustainable practices.
An EMS also facilitates compliance with environmental
regulations, both nationally and internationally, which is
essential to avoid penalties and ensure business continuity.
In many countries, environmental regulations for the
agricultural sector are becoming increasingly stringent, and
an EMS provides a structure that enables companies to
remain in compliance with these requirements on an
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Pag. 25
ongoing basis. This compliance not only reduces the risk of
sanctions, but also reinforces the farm's reputation as a
reliable and ethical operator.
These benefits reflect how environmental management can
transform the production approach of mango farms,
promoting practices that not only reduce their ecological
impact, but also strengthen their market position and
improve their economic performance. A well-implemented
EMS enables farms to respond to both regulatory demands
and consumer expectations, strengthening their
competitiveness and long-term sustainability.
1.1.2. Environmental impacts of agricultural
activities in mango farms
Intensive agricultural activities on mango farms can
generate significant environmental impacts if not properly
managed. One of the main problems is water pollution,
caused mainly by the excessive use of agrochemicals such
as fertilizers and pesticides. These products, when applied
in an uncontrolled manner, can leach into nearby bodies of
water, affecting both surface sources and subway aquifers.
This water pollution represents a risk to aquatic ecosystems
and to the communities that depend on these resources for
their basic needs [6].
In addition to water pollution, the improper application of
fertilizers and pesticides can lead to soil degradation,
reducing its fertility and impacting the long-term
productivity of crops. The accumulation of chemicals in the
soil alters its natural properties, making it less suitable for
agriculture and limiting its ability to support plant and
microbial life. This phenomenon also contributes to soil
erosion, as degraded soil is more susceptible to nutrient loss
and erosion caused by wind and water.
Another significant impact is deforestation and biodiversity
loss, which often occur when agricultural areas expand
without proper management. Agricultural expansion can
fragment essential natural habitats, leading to the extinction
of native species and disrupting the balance of local
ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation for intensive
agriculture contributes to climate change by increasing
greenhouse gas emissions due to the loss of vegetation that
normally acts as a carbon sink.
These environmental impacts are particularly concerning in
the context of sustainable agriculture, where the goal is to
minimize disruptions to the natural environment. The
implementation of a well-designed and managed
Environmental Management System (EMS) can help
mango-producing farms mitigate these negative effects by
promoting responsible agricultural practices that contribute
to the protection of water, soil, and biodiversity. With an
appropriate environmental management approach, it is
possible to reduce the ecological footprint of agricultural
production while ensuring the sustainability and resilience
of mango cultivation in the face of current environmental
challenges [7] [8].
1.2 Benefits of implementing an Environmental
Management System (EMS) based on the ISO
14001:2015 standard.
The implementation of an Environmental Management
System (EMS) in accordance with the ISO 14001:2015
standard provides significant benefits to mango-producing
farms, both in terms of environmental sustainability and
operational efficiency. The ISO 14001:2015 standard offers
a systematic framework that enables organizations to
identify, manage, and mitigate the environmental risks
associated with their activities, while promoting continuous
improvement and compliance with applicable
environmental regulations. In the context of a mango farm,
a well-implemented EMS facilitates the reduction of
operational costs through efficient resource use, waste
recycling, and process optimization [9] [10].
One of the key benefits of an EMS based on the ISO
14001:2015 standard is cost reduction, as efficiency in
water and energy consumption significantly lowers
operating expenses. For instance, by implementing energy-
saving practices and efficient irrigation techniques, the farm
can optimize its resources and reduce costs for essential
inputs. Additionally, waste recycling and proper waste
disposal help decrease management costs while
simultaneously preventing pollution and resource waste
[11].
Another important benefit is the improvement of the farm's
public image, as consumers and business partners
increasingly value sustainably sourced products and
environmentally responsible business practices. An EMS
based on the ISO 14001:2015 standard strengthens the
farm’s competitiveness in the market by highlighting its
commitment to environmental stewardship and aligning
with the expectations of environmentally conscious
consumers. This positive image not only attracts new
customers but also enhances the loyalty of existing ones,
demonstrating that the company upholds high sustainability
standards.
Compliance with environmental regulations is another
fundamental benefit provided by an ISO 14001:2015 EMS,
as it ensures that the farm's operations comply with both
local and international environmental laws. This helps avoid
penalties and legal issues arising from non-compliance,
providing the farm with operational stability and a
reputation as a responsible organization.
The ability to comply with regulations also facilitates the
acquisition of environmental certifications, which can open
doors to markets that require high sustainability standards
[12].
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Pag. 26
Additionally, the ISO 14001:2015 standard promotes
operational efficiency by helping farms identify and
manage environmental risks, set clear objectives, and
conduct periodic audits to assess progress and ensure
continuous improvement. This structured approach not only
enhances environmental performance but also increases
employee engagement and satisfaction, as they can actively
contribute to an important cause. Job satisfaction is
enhanced when staff members are part of a sustainability
effort that benefits both the environment and the community
[13].
1.3. Practices and Technologies to Improve Water
Management in Mango-Producing Farms
Efficient water management is one of the most significant
challenges for mango-producing farms, especially in
regions experiencing significant climate variability or
where water availability is limited. The responsible and
sustainable use of this resource is essential to ensure the
continuity of agricultural activities and environmental
protection. Implementing innovative technologies and
practices allows farms to optimize water use, reduce
consumption, and mitigate the negative effects of water
scarcity [14] [15].
One key practice is the use of efficient irrigation systems,
such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. These
systems deliver water directly to the plant roots, minimizing
evaporation and runoff, thereby enabling more effective
resource use. Drip irrigation, in particular, is highly efficient
in water delivery and can be controlled based on the specific
needs of the plant, reducing waste and improving crop
productivity. Installing efficient irrigation systems is an
investment justified by savings in water consumption and
improvements in crop quality.
Furthermore, rainwater harvesting is an effective strategy
for farms, especially in areas where the rainy season is
limited. By collecting rainwater, farms can accumulate
reserves that can be used during dry periods. To implement
this practice, farms can install gutter systems and storage
tanks that capture water directly from rooftops or catchment
areas, allowing for its subsequent use in irrigation activities.
Green roofs, which also facilitate rainwater harvesting,
provide the additional benefit of improving air quality and
reducing the temperature within the facilities [16].
Another relevant practice is the reuse of greywater, which
involves treating water from domestic or agricultural
activities for use in irrigation. By using filtration and
disinfection systems, farms can safely utilize this water and
reduce the demand for potable water. This technique, in
addition to being a sustainable alternative, helps conserve
water resources and minimize environmental impact.
Proper management of fertilizers and pesticides is also
essential for protecting nearby water sources. The
controlled and efficient application of these inputs reduces
the risk of water contamination, which is crucial for
preserving biodiversity and the health of local ecosystems.
Planning fertilizer and pesticide applications based on the
actual needs of the crop and prevailing climatic conditions
can minimize runoff into nearby water bodies and prevent
soil degradation [17].
These practices, combined with the implementation of
appropriate technologies, enable mango-producing farms to
manage water efficiently, minimize environmental impact,
and promote sustainable production. The adoption of these
strategies not only contributes to the conservation of water
resources but also enhances the farm's resilience to water
scarcity, thus ensuring the long-term sustainability and
competitiveness of mango cultivation [18].
1.4. Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Activities on
Mango-Producing Farms
Intensive agricultural activities, such as those carried out on
mango-producing farms, can have significant
environmental impacts if not properly managed. Among the
most important effects are water and soil pollution due to
the excessive use of agrochemicals. Fertilizers and
pesticides applied indiscriminately can leach into both
surface and groundwater sources, altering their composition
and negatively affecting aquatic ecosystems. This
contamination poses risks not only to local biodiversity but
also to the health of communities that rely on these water
sources for drinking and irrigation.
Soil degradation is another critical environmental impact
associated with intensive agriculture. The excessive use of
chemicals and the lack of soil conservation techniques can
lead to a decline in soil fertility, reducing its productivity
over time. Moreover, degraded soils are more susceptible to
erosion, which can result in the loss of fertile layers and,
consequently, a diminished capacity of the land to sustain
plant life. This degradation affects both the sustainability of
the crop and the ecological structure of the area by
eliminating habitats and reducing biodiversity.
Another relevant impact is deforestation and biodiversity
loss, which often accompany the expansion of cultivated
areas. The expansion of agricultural land to meet the
growing demand for agricultural products frequently leads
to the removal of native vegetation and the fragmentation of
natural habitats, thereby compromising the survival of local
species. The reduction of forest cover also contributes to
climate change, as trees play a crucial role in carbon
sequestration. The loss of these vegetative areas results in
increased greenhouse gas emissions, thereby accelerating
global warming [19].
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Pag. 27
Climate change, in itself, is an environmental impact
stemming from conventional agricultural practices that
generate significant emissions of greenhouse gases. From
the use of agricultural machinery to the emissions from
fertilizers, intensive agricultural activities contribute to the
accumulation of gases in the atmosphere. This exacerbates
climate variations, negatively affecting crop productivity
and food security.
To address these impacts, mango-producing farms can
implement an Environmental Management System (EMS)
that integrates sustainable practices, such as the controlled
use of agrochemicals, reforestation, and the conservation of
water and soil resources. By doing so, it is possible to
mitigate the negative effects of agriculture on the
environment, promoting a more sustainable production
model that does not compromise biodiversity or the
availability of natural resources for future generations. The
adoption of a responsible environmental management
approach enables farms to operate in a more ethical and
resilient manner, contributing to the preservation of the
natural environment and reinforcing their commitment to
sustainability [20] [21].
2. Materials and Methods
This research adopted a mixed-methods approach,
integrating descriptive and analytical methods to thoroughly
assess the state of environmental management on a mango-
producing farm. The methodological design was structured
into five interrelated phases, which allowed for a holistic
view of the study subject:
2.1. Documentary Review
A systematic review of specialized literature was
conducted, including:
• Indexed academic publications on Environmental
Management Systems (EMS)
• Technical documentation of the ISO 14001:2015
standard
• Manuals and guidelines for best agricultural
practices
• Applicable environmental legislation relevant to
the sector
This phase established the necessary theoretical-conceptual
framework for the development of the proposed EMS.
2.2. Primary Data Collection
Semi-structured Surveys
Data collection instruments were implemented targeting
two primary groups:
• Administrative personnel: Focused on
environmental management policies and strategies
• Operational personnel: Focused on daily practices
and field procedures
The instruments assessed:
• Level of knowledge regarding environmental
management
• Waste management practices
• Agricultural input usage protocols
• Perceptions of environmental impacts
Direct Observation
A systematic data collection process was conducted
through:
• Detailed inspection of facilities
• On-site verification of operational procedures
• Identification of critical points in resource
management [22].
2.3. Data Analysis and Interpretation
The collected data was processed using:
• Descriptive statistical analysis of quantitative data
• Content analysis for qualitative data
• Source triangulation to validate findings
• Identification of significant patterns and trends
This process enabled:
• Diagnosis of the current state of environmental
management
• Identification of strengths and areas for
improvement
• Establishment of intervention priorities
• Validation of the feasibility of the proposals
2.4. Development of the Proposal
Based on the comprehensive analysis of the data, a proposal
for an Environmental Management System (EMS) aligned
with ISO 14001:2015 was designed, which includes:
• Customized environmental policy
• Measurable strategic objectives
• Specific action programs
• Environmental performance indicators
• Monitoring and control procedures
• Phase-based implementation plan
The applied methodology ensured a comprehensive
diagnosis of the current situation and facilitated the design
of a proposal tailored to the specific needs of the
organization.
3.- Analysis and Interpretation of Results
This section presents the main findings and results obtained
from the surveys conducted with the workers of the mango-
producing farm, aiming to diagnose the knowledge and
perceptions of the staff regarding environmental
management issues. The contributions of the personnel
constitute a valuable source of primary data for identifying
strengths and areas for improvement related to waste
management, production practices, and input management.
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Pag. 28
Below, the quantitative and qualitative results derived from
the responses provided by the consulted staff are detailed,
allowing for the establishment of baseline data on their
environmental awareness and the required capabilities.
3.1. Analysis of the Survey Conducted with the Farm
Workers
Table 1. How much do you know about what an EMS
("Environmental Management System") is?
Responses
Number of people
Percentage
Nothing
15
75%
Little
5
25%
Quite
0
0
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 1 shows that 75% of employees have no knowledge
of what an Environmental Management System (EMS) is,
while only 25% possess basic understanding. This result
reveals a significant lack of training on environmental
topics, highlighting the need to implement a structured
training program that covers the principles of environmental
management. This training should be ongoing and tailored
to the farm’s context to ensure that all staff acquire the
necessary knowledge for the proper implementation of an
EMS.
Table 2. Have you received training on environmental
topics?
Responses
Number of people
Percentage
YES
13
65%
NO
7
35%
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 2 indicates that 65% of employees have received
some form of environmental training, while 35% have not
been trained in these topics. Although the farm has made
some efforts, it is clear that the scope and content of the
training programs need to be expanded. It is essential to
develop a comprehensive training plan that not only covers
basic aspects but also addresses advanced topics such as
waste management, energy conservation, and the ISO
14001:2015 standard. This program should include in-
person workshops, seminars, and online training options to
effectively reach all employees.
Table 3. What environmental training topics have you
received?
Responses
Number
of people
Percentage
Environmental laws
1
5%
ISO 14001:2015
Standards
0
0%
Waste handling
1
5%
None
12
60%
Others
6
30%
Total
20
100%
Regarding the topics covered in the training, Table 3 shows
that most employees have received training in waste
handling (60%), but critical topics such as ISO 14001:2015
standards (0%) and energy conservation have not been
addressed. This gap indicates that the training has been
partial and does not cover key areas of environmental
management. To improve, it is necessary to include topics
that promote the efficient use of resources and compliance
with international standards, which will not only benefit the
environment but also reduce operational costs.
Table 4. Are you aware if the estate cares about protecting
and preserving the environment by developing and
implementing an Environmental Management System?
Responses
Number of
people
Percentage
YES
0
0%
NO
19
95%
Unaware
1
5%
TOTAL
20
100%
According to Table 4, 95% of employees are unaware if the
estate has implemented an Environmental Management
System (EMS), highlighting a lack of internal
communication. This suggests that, although the estate may
have some environmental initiatives, employees are neither
involved in nor informed about these actions. To address
this, the estate should establish more effective
communication channels, such as publishing environmental
reports, internal newsletters, and creating an environmental
committee with employees from all levels.
Table 5. Based on the previous question, if you answered
YES, please specify how it is carried out. If you answered
NO, please indicate "none."
Responses
Number
of
people
Percentage
Recycles
0
0%
Saves energy
0
0%
There is separation
according to the type of
waste ("organic or
inorganic")
0
0%
Follows the principle of
paper conservation
0
0%
None
20
100%
Total
20
100%
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Pag. 29
In Table 5, the results show that none of the employees were
able to identify specific environmental practices such as
recycling or energy conservation. This confirms the absence
of structured environmental management measures at the
estate. It is essential to establish clear procedures for waste
classification and energy use optimization. Additionally, the
implementation of collection points is recommended to
facilitate proper waste disposal.
Table 6. Does the estate have environmental regulations
and measures?
Responses
Number of people
Percentage
YES
0
0%
NO
11
55%
Unaware
9
45%
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 6 reveals that 55% of employees believe the estate
does not have environmental regulations, while 45% are
unaware if such regulations exist. This high level of
ignorance reflects a lack of transparency in communicating
the company's environmental policies. It is crucial for the
estate to implement clear policies and communicate them
effectively to all staff. This can be achieved through
informational sessions and the publication of easily
accessible internal regulations.
Table 7. Does the estate have collection points (“sets of bins
placed in a specific location for disposing of waste”) to store
waste during harvesting and packing?
Responses
Number of
people
Percentage
SI
2
10%
NO
10
90%
TOTAL
20
100%
According to Table 7, 90% of employees state that there are
no collection points for waste management during
harvesting. This is concerning, as proper waste management
is key to reducing the environmental impact of agricultural
operations. The estate should install collection points in
strategic locations and ensure that all employees know how
to use them correctly. This, along with hiring a company
specialized in waste management, will ensure more efficient
and sustainable waste handling.
Table 8. Knowing that environmental pollution is
increasing every day due to various agricultural, industrial,
and service processes, how important do you think it is to
care for the environment?
Responses
Number of
people
Percentage
Not important
0
0%
Slightly important
0
0%
Important
9
45%
Very important
11
55%
TOTAL
20
100%
Table 8 shows that 55% of employees consider protecting
the environment to be "very important," and 45% consider
it "important." Although there is a general environmental
awareness, it is necessary to reinforce this through training
that provides practical tools to enable employees to
contribute effectively to the sustainability of the estate.
Table 9. Would you be willing to change your way of
working in order to protect the environment?
Respuestas
Número de
personas
Porcentaje
YES
20
100%
NO
0
0%
TOTAL
20
100%
100% of the employees surveyed are willing to modify
their work practices to protect the environment. This is a
positive indicator that the estate should leverage to
implement an Environmental Management System (EMS)
that has the support of the staff. The formation of an
environmental committee made up of employees who act as
change agents within their work areas could be an effective
strategy.
Table 10. Knowing that an EMS ("Environmental
Management System") allows an organization to control all
its activities, services, and products that may cause an
environmental impact, how do you think an EMS would
benefit the organization?
Responses
Number
of
people
Percentage
Reduction of costs in waste
management
0
0%
Facilitates compliance with
environmental legislation
2
10%
Reduction of pollution
9
45%
Increases customer trust
1
5%
All of the above
8
40%
TOTAL
20
100%
According to Table 10, 45% of employees identify the
reduction of pollution as the main benefit of an EMS, while
40% believe it facilitates compliance with legislation.
However, only 10% mention cost reduction in waste
management. This highlights the need to educate staff on
the economic benefits that a well-implemented EMS can
bring, such as resource optimization and reduced fines for
non-compliance with regulations.
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Pag. 30
3.2. Employee Training on Environmental
Management.
A training plan is essential to increase employees'
knowledge and skills on environmental issues. Given the
low level of knowledge detected in the surveys, it is a
priority to design a training program that is accessible,
practical, and low-cost. The estate can choose to develop an
internal program using existing materials and resources or
hire an external consultant specialized in environmental
management to provide more structured training.
The objective of the plan is that the staff will be able to:
• Identify the environmental impacts of their daily
activities.
• Implement best practices for waste management and
efficient use of resources.
• Actively contribute to the proposed Environmental
Management System (EMS).
Priority topics for training:
To ensure that workers acquire the necessary knowledge,
the training will be structured into thematic modules
delivered in one-hour weekly theoretical sessions,
complemented by practical activities on the estate. The
main topics include:
1. Introduction to Environmental Management: Key
concepts, importance, and benefits of an
Environmental Management System (EMS).
2. Waste Management: Classification and proper
management of waste in the field.
3. Efficient Resource Use: Methods to reduce water and
energy consumption on the estate.
4. Pollution Prevention: Measures to prevent soil and
water pollution.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Relevant environmental
legislation and principles of ISO 14001:2015.
6. Audits and Continuous Improvement: Procedures
for internal audits and environmental performance
monitoring.
7. Biodiversity Conservation: The importance of
preserving local ecosystems.
These sessions should be adapted to the staff’s educational
level and the demands of their daily tasks, allowing for easy
integration of daily work with new environmental practices.
Implementation of the Plan:
It is crucial that the training sessions be interactive and
include practical field demonstrations. Additionally,
periodic assessments are recommended to measure the
effectiveness of the program and adjust content based on the
results. The success of the training plan should be measured
not only by the level of knowledge gained but also by the
effective application of environmental practices in the
estate's daily operations.
3.3. Development of a Recycling and Composting
Program:
The development of a recycling and composting program
on the estate is an effective and relatively accessible
measure to reduce environmental impact. Although this
initiative would not require large initial investments, its
implementation needs to be planned in a structured way to
ensure long-term sustainability.
The first step involves separating the waste into recyclable
(plastics, metals, paper) and compostable (food and
vegetable scraps) categories. The estate can set up collection
points in strategic locations and later collaborate with a
specialized waste management company to process these
materials.
Components of the Recycling and Composting
Program:
• Clear and Measurable Objectives:
o Define specific targets, such as recycling 50% of
the waste generated within one year or composting
25% of organic waste. These goals should be
aligned with the overall objectives of the EMS.
• Scope of Application:
o Include all sectors of the estate, from production
areas to offices, covering waste types such as
plastics, paper, organic waste, and hazardous
waste.
• Responsibility and Role Assignment:
o Appoint an environmental coordinator to oversee
the implementation of the program and assign
specific tasks to employees. For example, the field
manager may be responsible for waste separation,
while the logistics manager may coordinate the
transportation of waste to recycling and
composting facilities.
• Operational Procedures:
o Develop detailed procedures specifying how waste
should be separated, how containers should be
used, and how safety should be ensured during the
handling of hazardous waste. These procedures
should be clearly documented and reviewed
periodically to ensure their effectiveness.
• Continuing education program:
o Train staff on the proper separation and handling
of waste. It is essential that employees understand
which types of waste can be recycled or
composted, how to use the assigned containers, and
how to follow safety procedures.
• Monitoring and Evaluation:
o Implement a tracking system to measure the
quantity of waste recycled and composted on a
monthly basis. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
would include the reduction of waste sent to
landfills, waste management costs, and benefits
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Pag. 31
derived from compost production. This data should
be analyzed quarterly to evaluate progress and
make adjustments as needed.
Program implementation and follow-up:
Once the plan is developed, it is crucial to continuously
monitor its implementation to ensure that objectives are
met. This may include regular inspections of recycling
points, waste audits, and periodic meetings with staff to
discuss potential improvements. The success of the program
will be measured in terms of waste reduction, savings in
disposal costs, and the production of quality compost that
can be reused in the estate's agricultural operations.
Timeline for Developing a Recycling and Composting
Plan
Below is a proposed detailed timeline for the development
and implementation of a recycling and composting plan on
the estate, with specific timeframes for each stage.
Month 1: Evaluation and Planning
• Evaluate generated waste: Conduct an initial
assessment of the types and quantities of waste
generated on the farm, classifying them as recyclable
and compostable.
• Set objectives: Define clear and measurable goals, such
as reducing landfill waste by 50% and composting at
least 25% of the generated organic waste.
Month 2: Plan Design and Training
• Develop the recycling and composting plan: Include
clear procedures for waste separation, container
placement, and waste transport routes to processing
facilities.
• Train staff: Provide practical workshops on how to
properly separate and manage waste, using
demonstrations with the equipment and containers that
will be implemented.
Month 3: Equipment Acquisition and Program
Implementation
• Acquire necessary equipment: Purchase recycling bins,
composters, and other equipment. If possible, consider
reusable bins or those made from recycled materials.
• Initiate program implementation: Place containers in
strategic locations on the farm and begin waste
separation at the source.
Month 4: Initial Monitoring
• Monitor and evaluate the program: Conduct an internal
audit to ensure staff is complying with the plan and
evaluate the amount of waste recycled and composted
against established goals.
Subsequent Months: Evaluation and Continuous
Improvement
• Continue monitoring: Review performance indicators
monthly, such as tons of waste processed and cost
savings in disposal.
• Promote the program: Strengthen staff commitment
through educational campaigns and encourage farm
visitors to participate in the recycling and composting
program.
Tips for Effective Implementation:
• Assign specific roles: Designate employees
responsible for overseeing waste separation and
coordinating logistics with waste management
providers.
• Use incentives: Implement a recognition system for
employees who stand out in their commitment to
recycling and composting.
• Engage the community: Collaborate with local
recycling and composting companies and promote
public-private partnerships to ensure the program's
sustainability.
3.4. Improving Water Management in a Mango
Plantation in Los Ríos Province, Ecuador
Los Ríos Province, one of Ecuador's main mango-producing
regions, faces significant water management challenges due
to climatic variability, including recurrent droughts and
floods. Improving water management in mango plantations
is essential not only for the sustainability of production but
also for adapting to climate change in the region.
Recommended Practices for Improving Water
Management:
1. Efficient Irrigation:
o Drip irrigation system: This system delivers water
directly to the roots of the trees, significantly
reducing evaporation and ensuring optimal water
use during drought periods.
o Irrigation automation: Use humidity sensors and
weather stations to automate irrigation based on
specific crop needs and climatic conditions.
2. Rainwater Harvesting and Storage:
o Build reservoirs or implement rainwater harvesting
systems on the farm to capture this resource during
the rainy season and use it in dry periods.
3. Graywater Reuse:
o Install graywater treatment systems from farm
facilities to reuse it for crop irrigation or other
agricultural activities. This method reduces potable
water use for irrigation, maximizing water
efficiency.
4. Fertilizer and Pesticide Management:
o Apply fertilizers and pesticides efficiently to
minimize the risk of runoff and ensure that these
substances are used in appropriate quantities and at
the right time to reduce environmental impact.
5. Water Source Contamination:
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Pag. 32
o Implement soil conservation measures, such as the
construction of terraces and contour ditches, to
prevent erosion and protect nearby water bodies.
Planting vegetative barriers along the banks of
rivers and streams will also contribute to the
protection of the resource.
Benefits of Efficient Water Management:
• Cost Reduction: The implementation of efficient
irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting decreases
the use of potable water, thus reducing operational
costs.
• Increased Productivity: A constant water supply
during drought periods improves both the quality and
quantity of mango production.
• Long-Term Sustainability: Protecting water sources
and reusing water resources enhances the farm's
resilience to climate change, ensuring the long-term
viability of the business.
• Regulatory Compliance: Implementing good water
management practices ensures compliance with both
local and international environmental regulations.
Monitoring and Evaluation of the Water Management
Program:
Continuous monitoring of the implemented improvements
is key. The use of humidity sensors, measuring the volume
of recycled water, and analyzing crop productivity will help
assess the success of the measures. Periodic adjustments to
irrigation techniques and water reuse will ensure that
optimal water balance is maintained in the plantation.
4. Discussion
One of the key findings of this study is that the majority of
workers on the mango-producing estate lack knowledge
about environmental management, which aligns with
previous research conducted in other agricultural contexts
in Ecuador [14]. The lack of training in environmental
management not only limits the adoption of sustainable
practices but also hinders compliance with current
environmental regulations. This deficiency is especially
concerning in a sector where sustainability is increasingly
demanded by consumers and international regulations [9].
Another relevant finding is that the estate lacks a formally
implemented Environmental Management System (EMS).
This situation reflects a common pattern in small and
medium-sized agricultural operations in Ecuador, as
documented in previous studies [23]. The absence of an
EMS hinders the organization’s ability to identify, manage,
and mitigate the environmental impacts generated by its
operations, such as inefficient resource use and poor waste
management [5], [8].
Regarding specific challenges related to water and waste
management, similar issues to those reported in fruit farms
in other Latin American countries were identified. When
not properly managed, these areas tend to generate
significant environmental impacts, such as contamination of
water sources and soil degradation. The implementation of
an EMS could address these problems by providing a clear
framework for the efficient management of these resources
[16], [17].
Finally, the hypothesis that implementing an EMS based on
the ISO 14001:2015 standard would improve the estate's
environmental performance was supported by the results
obtained. Existing literature shows that agricultural
organizations adopting this standard not only improve their
environmental performance but also enhance their
competitiveness in international markets and ensure
regulatory compliance [10], [20].
The findings of this study not only partially validate the
proposed hypotheses but also highlight the urgent need to
strengthen environmental management capabilities within
the agricultural sector. This study can serve as a basis for
future research on the actual impacts of implementing
EMSs in the region.
5. Conclusions
Based on the analysis of the results obtained, the following
key conclusions can be drawn regarding the proposed
implementation of an Environmental Management System
(EMS) based on the ISO 14001:2015 standard on the
mango-producing estate:
Lack of an EMS: The estate currently lacks a formal
environmental management system, which has led to
inadequate management of critical resources such as
fertilizers, pesticides, and waste. This deficiency increases
the environmental risks associated with its operations and
reduces its ability to comply with current regulations.
Deficiencies in training: Most workers on the estate lack
the necessary knowledge about the benefits and importance
of implementing an EMS. This lack of training is a
significant barrier to adopting sustainable practices and
improving environmental performance.
Potential benefits of implementing an EMS: The
proposal for an EMS based on ISO 14001:2015 will enable
the estate to achieve its medium-term environmental
certification goals, with benefits such as reducing
operational costs, ensuring regulatory compliance, and
improving its public image.
Relevance of the Study for the Agricultural Sector:
This study not only has implications for the estate analyzed,
but it can also serve as a model for other agricultural
operations seeking to improve their environmental
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Pag. 33
performance. The adoption of Environmental Management
Systems (EMS) in the agricultural sector will significantly
contribute to reducing the country's ecological footprint.
Future Research:
Future studies should be conducted to measure the actual
impacts of EMS implementation, using performance
indicators such as the reduction in agrochemical use and the
improvement of water and soil quality. These studies will
help validate the long-term benefits of these systems in
similar contexts.
The implementation of an EMS on the studied estate is not
only feasible but also necessary to ensure the sustainability
of its operations in the long term and to improve its
competitiveness in demanding markets.
6.- Author Contributions.
1. Conceptualization: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán
Francisco Ramírez Salcan, Francisco Javier Duque-
Aldaz.
2. Data Curation: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán
Francisco Ramírez Salcan; William Villamagua
Castillo.
3. Formal analysis: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán
Francisco Ramírez Salcan; William Villamagua
Castillo.
4. Acquisition of funds: N/A.
5. Investigation: William Villamagua Castillo; Armando
Fabrizzio López Vargas.
6. Methodology: William Villamagua Castillo; Ricardo
Sánchez Casanova.
7. Project Administration: William Villamagua Castillo;
Francisco Javier Duque-Aldaz.
8. Resources: N/A.
9. Software: N/A.
10. Supervision: William Villamagua Castillo; Armando
López Vargas.
11. Validation: Francisco Javier Duque-Aldaz; Ricardo
Sánchez Casanova.
12. Visualization: José Estiven Pincay Moran; Jordán
Francisco Ramírez Salcan; William Villamagua
Castillo.
13. Writing - original draft: José Estiven Pincay Moran;
Jordán Francisco Ramírez Salcan, William Villamagua
Castillo.
14. Writing - proofreading and editing: Armando Fabrizzio
López Vargas; Francisco Javier Duque-Aldaz; Ricardo
Sánchez Casanova.
7.- References.
[1]
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[2]
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[11]
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[13]
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Email: inquide@ug.edu.ec | francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec
Pag. 34
[14]
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[21]
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[22]
F. J. Duque-Aldaz, J. P. Fierro Aguilar, H. A. Pérez
Benítez y G. W. Tobar Farías, «Afectación del ruido
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