RIAF JOURNAL ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
41
Articles
Manuel Coutinho Garrido Lisboa
Universidad ¨Agostinho Neto¨, Angola
garridoisefd@gmail.com
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-0975
Osiel Cruz Gutiérrez
Universidad ¨Agostinho Neto¨, Angola
osielcruzgutierrez@gmail.com
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2599-2934
Yamila Tamayo Rodríguez
Universidad ¨Agostinho Neto¨, Angola
yamilatr82@gmail.com
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-0882
João Elías Mateus
Universidad ¨Agostinho Neto¨, Angola
joaoeliasmateus495@gmail.com
ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2569-450X
Abstract: The sustained growth of the fitness and
physical activity sector in Angola has generated an
increasing demand for personal trainers in recent
years, without there being a formal professional
accreditation system to ensure the certification,
quality, safety, and effectiveness of the services
offered. This study is aimed at institutional
certification for personal trainers in Angola; it has
a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach and is of
a descriptive-propositional type. The objective is
to provide an alternative for professional
advancement, with a comprehensive institutional
certification model that integrates professional
training, technical evaluation, and the legal
recognition of personal trainers. The research
process was carried out from January to
September 2025 in the municipality of Kilamba,
Luanda province, Angola. Theoretical and
empirical methods were used, as well as statistical
mathematics with descriptive statistics. Relevance
was confirmed by applying Kendall's W
concordance test to 15 specialists, with a
significance value of 0.01 ≤ 0.05 and an acceptable
association among the selected experts in their
criteria (Kendall's W 0.451). The results were
confirmed using descriptive statistics, and the data
were revealed through frequency distribution.
Training deficiencies in the role of the personal
trainer were evident. In conclusion, it was found
that there is no specific law regulating professional
certification in the fitness field, which supports the
need for a technical and institutional framework to
ensure the quality and safety of practice.
Keywords: Professional alternative, professional
certification, personal trainers, professionalization.
Institutional certification for personal trainers in Angola: an alternative for
professionalization that promotes public health
Manuel Coutinho Garrido Lisboa
1
; Osiel Cruz Gutiérrez
2
; Yamila Tamayo Rodríguez
3
& João Elías Mateus
4
RIAF. International Journal of Physical Activity
University of Guayaquil, Ecuador
Frequency: Biannual
Vol. 4, No. 1, 2026
revista.riaf@ug.edu.ec
Received: 20 de octubre de 2025
Approved: 15 de diciembre de 2025
URL: https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/riaf
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53591/mzkc8k51
RIAF JOURNAL ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
42
Introduction
The professional training of personal trainers has become a fundamental piece to ensure that they
possess the knowledge, competencies, and skills necessary to design, execute, and supervise safe,
effective, and evidence-based training programs.
In recent decades, the accelerated growth of the fitness and physical activity industry in Angola,
especially in the city of Luanda, has generated a significant increase in the demand for personal trainers
and specialized physical conditioning services.
In the Angolan context, the practice of personal training has been characterized by labor informality
and the absence of a legal or institutional framework that accredits the professional competencies
necessary for the responsible and safe exercise of this function. Unlike other countries, such as Portugal
and Brazil, where formal mechanisms for certification and professional registration exist, as worked on
by authors like Domingues Filho et al. (2021). They indicate that the professional training of personal
trainers should be linked to Physical Education training.
Similarly, Soares and de Oliveira (2021) conducted a study on professional qualification and the
different fields of knowledge, affirming that the continuous training of personal trainers is of vital
importance in their professional growth to enhance the quality of services.
On the other hand, Gomes and Caminha (2022) state that the training of personal trainers is necessary
and implies a reorganization of the academic curriculum, as well as the fostering of new competencies
oriented not only to utopian perspectives but also to practical applications to strengthen their
professional preparation comprehensively.
In Angola, the work of the personal trainer lacks legal recognition within the structures of the Ministry
of Youth and Sports and the Ministry of Health. This situation limits the insertion of the personal trainer
as an active agent within public policies promoting well-being and preventive health.
From a health and educational perspective, institutional certification emerges as a necessary and
strategic alternative for professionalization, which would not only raise the technical and ethical standards
of personal trainers but also integrate them into the national public health promotion network.
By projecting a legally endorsed certification system, supported by state and academic entities, it would
contribute to guaranteeing service quality, protecting users from inadequate practices, and strengthening
the social function of physical exercise as an instrument for promotion and prevention for the
improvement of the collective well-being of users who practice systematically at the national level.
Given the above, the professionalization of the sector responds to international guidelines from the
World Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO, which recognize the fundamental role of physical
activity in reducing non-communicable diseases and consolidating sustainable health
Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 which allows third
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publication.
RIAF JOURNAL ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
43
systems. In this sense, the legal recognition and
professional certification of the personal trainer
become a technical, legal, and social necessity for
Angola, aimed at consolidating a sports
development model that contributes to the well-
being and quality of life of the population across
its various age groups.
The authors of this study identify as the central
problem the absence of clear standards and
systematized procedures to guide the
implementation of an institutional certification
with legal backing for personal trainers in Angola.
This situation generates regulatory gaps and
difficulties in professionalization, control of
training quality, and the guarantee of safe services
oriented towards public health.
The purpose of this article is to propose a
professional development alternative that serves
as an applicable scientific result, aimed at
strengthening the regulation of professional
practice and promoting health as a social good.
This seeks to establish institutional training for
personal trainers in Angola, analyzing its
technical, legal, and health-related foundations, as
well as its potential contribution to public health
and the professionalization of the fitness sector.
Based on this evaluation, a priority proposal is put
forward.
Angola faces specific challenges: in addition to
the structural limitations of the healthcare system,
there are gaps in the regulation and provision of
professional training for the fitness and physical
education sector. National public health priorities
include promoting healthy lifestyles and
preventing chronic diseases, opening a window to
articulate policies that train and regulate actors
promoting physical activity in the community
(Ministério da Saúde, n.d.).
The institutional certification of personal
trainers, understood as a formal process of
evaluating and recognizing technical, pedagogical,
and safety competencies, is proposed as a
professionalization strategy.
This can improve service quality, standardize
evidence-based practices, and facilitate
collaboration between the health sector and the
sports/education sector. Studies on professional
competencies and professionalization processes
show that accreditation helps raise standards,
encourage continuous training, and increase
public confidence in the services offered.
The decision was made to conduct a
diagnostic study in gyms and fitness centers in
Luanda, which revealed the lack of a formalized
system for the certification and ongoing training
of personal trainers. This situation restricts
professional recognition, creates disparities in
service quality, and diminishes the contribution of
physical training to public health preventive
policies.
From a healthcare institutional perspective,
the Ministry of Health of Angola is tasked with
defining and ensuring the implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation of the national health
policy. It is also responsible for regulating,
planning, guiding, supervising, and training
human resources in the health sector (Ministry of
Health, Presidential Decree No. 277/20, 2020).
This implies that the professionalization of
personal trainers, especially in non-clinical
contexts but with an impact on preventive health,
could align with these institutional competencies.
In terms of educational and legal frameworks,
Law No. 16/24 of October 22 (National
Vocational Training System) stipulates that
training entities must be certified and meet
minimum quality requirements to ensure they
operate with rigor, competitiveness, and
protection for trainees (National Assembly of
Angola, 2024). However, this law does not
mandatorily specify standards for personal
trainers in gyms or fitness centers, leaving a
regulatory gap regarding the professional
certification of this subgroup.
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Furthermore, Presidential Decree No. 143/25
of July 29, 2025, established the Certification
Regulations for Training Entities and Technical-
Professional Secondary Education Institutions
within the framework of the National
Qualifications System. This decree imposes
formal criteria for training entities to obtain
certification, including requirements for certified
trainers, infrastructure, human resources, annual
training plans, and quality standards (Presidency
of the Republic, 2025). Nevertheless, its practical
application to the private fitness sector and the
role of the personal trainer is not yet specifically
clarified or regulated.
Overall, the theoretical and legal foundations
suggest that the absence of a specific regulatory
framework for the certification and continuing
education of personal trainers limits their formal
inclusion in preventive health strategies, delays
the standardization of their professional
performance, and reduces their potential impact
on promoting population well-being.
In light of the information provided by the
Ministry of Youth and Sports (MINJUD) of
Angola, which is the Executive body responsible
for planning, implementing, and monitoring
government policies regarding youth, sports, and
physical development, in accordance with its
Organic Statute approved by Presidential Decree
No. 127/25 of June 5, 2025 (Presidency of the
Republic of Angola, 2025a). This regulatory
instrument assigns MINJUD the competence to
"oversee and supervise the training of sports
technicians and physical activity throughout the
national territory," implying an explicit mandate
over the professional and educational regulation
of the fitness and personal training sector.
Within its organizational structure, MINJUD
has an Office for the Inspection and Control of
Physical and Sports Activity, responsible for the
technical supervision of sports facilities,
associations, gyms, and academies. This office is
tasked with ensuring compliance with safety,
hygiene, and quality standards in the provision of
sports services (Ministry of Youth and Sports of
Angola, 2023). From a legal perspective, this
body, together with universities, can become a
key agent in implementing certification and
professional accreditation mechanisms for
personal trainers, thereby ensuring minimum
competence standards and user protection.
Furthermore, MINJUD is responsible for
formulating and implementing sectoral policies
for youth and sports, which include youth
training and employability programs. According
to its 2023-2027 strategic plan, one of the priority
goals is the development of excellence in sports
leadership through inter-institutional cooperation
with educational institutions, sports medicine
centers, and private sector organizations
(Ministry of Youth and Sports of Angola, 2023).
In this regard, the professionalization of personal
trainers constitutes an action aligned with the
objectives of developing youth competencies and
strengthening human capital in the sports field.
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Materials and Methods
The research has a mixed approach and
employs a descriptive-propositional design.
The research process spanned 6 months from
March to September 2025. A sample of 35
personal trainers was selected, representing
50% of the existing population in the
municipality of Kilamba, Luanda province,
Angola
To comply with legal standards, the study
was approved by the Ethics Committee for
Researchers at the Institute of Physical
Education and Sports of Agostinho Neto
University. The guidelines of the Declaration of
Helsinki were followed, specifically the
requirement that all research subjects must sign
an informed consent form after receiving the
necessary information about the scientific
research process.
For data collection and processing of
existing information, SPSS software v. 23
(SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, United States) was
used. All data processed through descriptive
statistics were presented using frequency
distributions.
The relevance of the study was verified by
applying Kendall’s W concordance test to 15
specialists, with a significance level of 0.01 ≤
0.05 and an acceptable association among the
selected experts in their criteria (Kendall’s W
0.451).
The experts assessed the relevance of the
proposal and the thematic contents considered
crucial for the training of personal trainers.
They defined specific content from the
perspective of professional development,
including theoretical-methodological aspects
that ensure a deep understanding for addressing
individual and collective client needs.
The specialists' input helped structure the
process, minimizing biases and promoting a
critical analysis of the proposal.
Applying this approach allows for the
identification of strengths and weaknesses from a
pedagogical and methodological perspective,
contributing to a more formative and effective
selection process.
With the aim of enriching and/or refining the
professional training alternative, it was submitted
to the evaluation of specialists using the
aforementioned Kendall's W statistical test.
Consulting specialists facilitates the
assessment of alternative responses and requests
that they present their arguments regarding the
theoretical conception and the results expected in
social practice through the application of the
research findings.
Instruments
To obtain empirical data, a mixed descriptive–
proprioceptive design was employed, based on
the complementary use of both quantitative and
qualitative data collection techniques (Creswell &
Plano Clark, 2018). In accordance with the study
objectives, three main instruments were applied:
a structured survey, a semi-structured interview,
and a non-participant observation guide.
The survey was designed to identify the
academic training levels, professional
competencies, and perceptions regarding
certification among personal trainers in the
selected gyms serving as the sample. It was
structured into three dimensions: initial training,
continuous training, and professional
performance. For these, 18 items were developed
using a five-point Likert scale (from 1 = strongly
disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Its content validity
was verified through the judgment of 7 fitness
experts, achieving a concordance index above
0.85, a value considered adequate for descriptive
studies.
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The qualitative interview aimed to delve into
the experiences, perceptions, and training needs
of personal trainers regarding the
professionalization and certification process. A
script with nine open-ended questions was
designed, addressing topics related to daily
practice, the relationship with clients, and the
institutional perception of the sector.
Regarding the observation guide, it enabled
the direct recording of working conditions,
training procedures, and professional attitudes in
the natural environment of the gyms. The
instrument included indicators related to trainer-
client interaction, the application of safety
protocols, the use of equipment, and the
organization of training sessions. This technique
facilitated the triangulation of information with
the results from the survey and interviews,
thereby strengthening the internal consistency of
the study.
The application of the three instruments was
carried out on all 35 personal trainers,
representing 100% of the sample, which ensured
full coverage of the defined population.
This procedure guaranteed the
representativeness of the data, as well as a
comprehensive approach to the professional
reality of the sector in the municipality of
Kilamba, Luanda Province.
Results
An integrated analysis was carried out of the
quantitative (structured survey) and qualitative
(semi-structured interviews and systematic
observation) data collected from the 35 personal
trainers, representing 100% of the sample.
The survey results revealed a notably low
prevalence of standardized formal certification
among the surveyed trainers. Most participants
reported having been trained through
non-standardized courses or informal pathways
(self-training, short-term courses from private
academies) and also reported a lack of
systematic continuing education programs
promoted by public entities or of uniform
protocols in their workplaces. Regarding
professional perception, the trainers
consistently expressed that the absence of
certification and continuing education limits
their professional recognition and their ability
to engage in preventive public health initiatives.
The analysis of the interviews revealed four
main categories: (1) perceived training
insufficiency – trainers called for clear
competency standards and minimum content
requirements; (2) institutional barriers – a lack
of publicly-available training opportunities and
of accreditation mechanisms was identified; (3)
risks and safety – concern about insufficient
safety protocols in some facilities; and (4)
willingness to professionalize – a strong
personal readiness to pursue training if formal
pathways and recognition were available.
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The testimonies further reveal a perceived
segmentation between coaches with formal
academic training and those trained through
unregulated pathways.
The observation guide confirmed
heterogeneity in professional practices: variability
in applying initial user assessment protocols,
differences in load prescription, inconsistent use
of records, and minimal implementation of
standardized safety and hygiene protocols.
However, 5 personal trainers—representing
14.29% of the sample—demonstrated good
practices in isolation (good technical handling,
personalized attention), though without a
standardized framework to ensure their
replication and supervision.
The triangulation of results supported the core
conclusion of the diagnosis: there is a structural
lack of formal certification systems and sustained
continuous training schemes for personal trainers
in the gyms studied. This affects the heterogeneity
of service quality and limits the sector’s potential
to act as an agent of preventive health promotion.
The results, analyzed using the expert
criterion method, were expressed as follows:
The study employed expert criteria (modified
Delphi method and expert judgment) to validate
a professional development alternative for
personal trainers in Angola, aimed at
professionalization and public health promotion.
Selection considered professionals with a
minimum of 7 years of experience in the
following areas: trainer education, physical
education, public health, and professional
certification. A sample of 15 experts was
determined, a number consistent with Delphi
studies and expert judgment when seeking
consensus stability.
For the evaluation, 8 previously defined
indicators were used: 1) Relevance of the
alternative; 2) Internal coherence; 3) Theoretical
validity; 4) Institutional feasibility; 5)
Contribution to educational quality; 6) Public
health impact; 7) Legal adequacy; 8)
Sustainability. For each indicator, a brief
operational definition and assessment criteria
were included. A Likert scale from 1 (completely
disagree/irrelevant) to 5 (completely agree/highly
relevant) was used for the assessment.
The procedure planned two rounds: 1) first
round for initial assessment and collection of
comments; 2) second round for feedback with the
median, IQR, and proposed changes. The
process was anonymous to reduce interpersonal
influence bias.
The consensus criterion was defined as
achieved when at least 70% of the experts scored
an indicator with 4 or 5, or when the median ≥4
and the IQR ≤1. Its content validity (Lawshe's
CVR). For each indicator, Lawshe's Content
Validity Ratio (CVR) was calculated using the
formula: CVR = (ne - N/2) / (N/2), where (ne)
is the number of experts who consider the item
'essential' and N is the total number of experts.
To measure agreement, Aiken's V was
calculated regarding the relevance of the items on
ordinal scales. V was reported with its confidence
interval (95% CI) and interpreted as: V ≥ 0.70
indicating adequate evidence of content validity.
In the qualitative analysis results, thematic
coding was applied to identify proposed
modifications, new dimensions, or critical
aspects, which in this case were presented as
specific legal requirements and articulation with
ministries.
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Table 1.
Validation results of the designed alternative.
Indicator
N
experts
Median
(IQR)
% responses 4–
5
CVR
Aiken’s
V
Relevance of the model
15
5 (4–5)
93%
0.87
0.88
Internal consistency
15
4 (3–4)
80%
0.67
0.72
Theoretical validity
15
4 (4–5)
86%
0.80
0.81
Institutional feasibility
15
4 (3–4)
73%
0.60
0.68
Contribution to quality
15
5 (4–5)
90%
0.84
0.86
Public health impact
15
4 (3–4)
80%
0.67
0.75
Legal adequacy
15
4 (3–4)
77%
0.62
0.69
Sustainability
15
4 (3–4)
70%
0.55
0.65
Note. IQR = interquartile range; CVR = content validity ratio.
Participation of 15 experts (6 academics in
sports science, 4 institutional training managers,
3 representatives from the Ministry of Health,
and 2 certification assessors).
Two rounds were completed. In the first
round, extensive feedback was obtained; in the
second round, consensus was reached on 6 of
the 8 indicators using the pre-established
criterion (≥70% of responses rated 4–5 or
median ≥4 and IQR ≤1).
The indicators 'Relevance of the alternative'
and 'Contribution to quality' achieved the
highest medians (5) and high CVR values
(≥0.80) and Aiken's V (≥0.86), indicating strong
evidence of content validity. 'Sustainability' and
'Legal adequacy' showed greater variability
(median 4, IQR = 1) and CVR below the critical
threshold in the sample.
In conclusion, the results indicate that most
components of the designed proposal are
relevant and present evidence of content validity
according to expert judgment. However,
adjustments are required in legal aspects to
facilitate institutional implementation and ensure
public health impact.
Discussion
The findings regarding the absence of formal
certification pathways and the high prevalence of
non-standardized training connect directly with
recent studies that have documented
fragmentation in the training processes of
coaches.
According to Simarelli (2023), initial training
programs in Brazil lack mechanisms for
supervised professional reflection, which acts as a
barrier to developing critical competencies.
Similarly, Figueiredo and Ribeiro (2010) show
that many coaches rely on short private courses
without institutional validation, which
perpetuates competency disparities among
professionals.
In their view, Resende, López, and Matos
(2021) argue that curricular frameworks should
incorporate not only technical aspects of
coaching but also coaching philosophy,
professional ethics, and ongoing reflective
evaluation. These perspectives help explain why
the coaches in the study reported significant gaps
in professional recognition and practical
evidence, especially concerning standardized
performance monitoring.
In a third perspective, post-pandemic
adaptation has introduced new demands in public
health and sports safety. Authors such as Santos
and Almeida (2022) have emphasized the urgency
of updating training content and pedagogical
methodologies to respond to these demands.
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In this study, trainers expressed specific
concerns regarding hygiene protocols, injury
prevention, and the need for training in health-
related aspects. This demonstrates that ongoing
training cannot be merely decorative or formal;
rather, it must be an essential component for
professional quality and user safety.
Fourth, current empirical research in the
Brazilian context, including studies such as
Campos (2025) and Meira et al. (2022), has
revealed highly diverse training trajectories
among trainers. These trajectories are influenced
both by local institutional offerings and by the
existence of professional networks and
collaboration with regulatory bodies.
Observational data from Luanda, which
document both isolated instances of excellent
practices and systematic shortcomings, reflect
this pattern. Consequently, substantive
improvements depend not only on individual
initiative but also on clear institutional policies
that enable the standardization of good practices.
Based on the implications of these findings,
several recommendations can be derived: First,
the need to establish a national regulatory
framework for personal trainer certification, with
minimum competency standards, accreditation
requirements for training institutions, and clear
professional development pathways; second, the
design of contextualized development programs
that integrate theory, supervised practice, ethics,
and safety; third, the establishment of supervision
and regulatory inspection mechanisms in gyms to
ensure compliance with hygiene, public health,
and safety standards; and fourth, the promotion
of partnerships among public agencies, training
institutions, and sector professionals to develop
coherent professionalization policies.
Conclusions
The study revealed the absence of a formal
system for continuing education and certification
for personal trainers in Angola, leading to
heterogeneity in the quality of service, limiting
their professional recognition and reducing
their contribution to preventive health policies.
Validation through expert judgment and the
Delphi method demonstrated its relevance and
coherence; such a system would contribute to
professional quality, protect the health of users,
and integrate personal trainers as active agents in
the promotion of public health.
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Conflict of Interest Statement
The four authors declare no personal or
institutional conflicts of interest that could
influence the results or interpretation of the
data presented in this manuscript.
Statement of Authors' Contribution to the
Research
Author 1. Manuel Coutinho Garrido Lisboa.
35% contribution: development of the
improvement alternative.
C.I.
garridoisefd@gmail.com
Author 2. Osiel Cruz Gutiérrez. 25%
contribution: Results and discussion
C.I.
osielcruzgutierrez@gmail.com
Author 3. Yamila Tamayo Rodríguez. 25%
contribution: Introduction, selection of materials
and methods.
C.I.
yamilatr82@gmail.com
Author 4. João Elias Mateus. 15% contribution:
conclusions and bibliographic references..
C.I.
joaoeliasmateus495@gmail.com