RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
19
Articles
Carlos Rosendo Álvarez Rojas
State University of Milagro – Milagro, Ecuador
calvarezr@unemi.edu.ec
ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2798-8462
Manuel de Jesús Rondan Elizalde
State University of Milagro – Milagro, Ecuador
mrondae@unemi.edu.ec
ORCID
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9284-702X
Abstract: Introduction. Swimming, as a means of
improving quality of life and promoting healthy lifestyles, is
one of the most widespread activities today. Objective: To
improve the physical fitness of university students who
participate in the swimming program during their free time.
Methodology. This causal-explanatory study employed a
pre-experimental design (single group) with a cross-
sectional quantitative approach. A total of 21 (n=21) young
university students from various majors at the State
University of Milagro participated. They were administered
a strength endurance test, a Cooper test, a speed test, and a
100-meter freestyle swimming technique test. Results. A
three-phase program is proposed: a diagnostic phase, a
development and implementation phase, and an evaluation
and validation phase of the empirical results of the
instruments administered during the pre-test and post-test.
The conclusions confirm that the extracurricular aquatic
activities program was effective for the participants,
demonstrating significant changes in their physical
condition after its implementation. This was verified
through a student’s t-test, which yielded a p-value of 0.00
(p < 0.05), thus supporting the researcher's hypothesis (Hi).
Keywords: Swimming, physical condition,
university students.
This work is under a Creative Commons Attribution-
Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License.
Extracurricular aquatic activities program to promote the physical fitness of
university students
Carlos Rosendo Álvarez Rojas
1
y Manuel de Jesús Rondan Elizalde
2
RIAF. International Journal of Physical Activity
University of Guayaquil, Ecuador
Frequency: Semiannual
Vol. 4, no. 1, 2026
revista.riaf@ug.edu.ec
Received: October 26, 2025
Approved: November 27, 2025
URL: https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/riaf
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53591/vg73ha45
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
20
Introduction
Swimming as a means for quality of life and healthy lifestyles is one of the most prolific activities today.
Authors such as Rojas Bajaña, R. A., Criollo, L. P., Guerrero, M. C., & Cantos, A. M. (2024), Brito
Mancheno, F. D. (2025) address aspects related to improving the functional conditions of practitioners;
however, other authors, such as Villafuerte Cedeño, M. E., & Chávez, E. A. C. (2025), delve into
contributions to mental health and the psychological well-being of practitioners.
Regarding aspects related to physical fitness for health, the works of Apolo Illescas, J. U., (2024),
Delgado Tenesaca, C. E., & Pilleo Guapisaca, L. F. (2022) are oriented towards promoting
cardiovascular capacity and aerobic endurance, the development of strength and joint mobility in age
groups such as older adults, adult women, young adults, adolescents, and children from different
contexts. In these cases, program and activity proposals are made, ranging from playful activities to
traditional and specific exercises using specialized means and materials for their practical
implementation.
Swimming activities and exercises have been used very naturally to promote certain conditional
physical capacities, including endurance, aerobic capacity, muscle tone, strength, and aspects related to
obesity and sedentary lifestyles in different age groups. In this sense, the works of Cruz Gutiérrez, O.
C., et al., (2021), Juárez Flores, J., et al., (2024) stand out; they propose improvements in lipid profiles,
glucose metabolism, and blood pressure in adults of different ages.
There are other works that guide the application of proposals aimed at cognitive well-being, mental
state, mood, and psychological aspects related to stress and improvements in sleep quality, among
which are those of Correa Pérez, G. A. (2023), Loja, E. T., et al., (2025), which aim to reduce anxiety
states and promote social relationships and social skills in certain age groups.
In the case of children, a group of options with playful activities in the aquatic environment and low-
intensity exercises with a frequency of three to four weekly sessions conducive to learning flotation and
safety skills have been proposed; therapeutic swimming and adaptations for disability open
opportunities for inclusion and rehabilitation; in this case, the studies of García, J. L., & Doncel, M. L.
R. (2022) stand out.
In the case of university students, similar to the sample of the present study, works aimed at physical
performance, mental health, promoting leisure time occupation, obesity and sedentary lifestyles, and
others aimed at addressing some cognitive and motor problems due to some disability or other causes
stand out; in this case, the works of Romero-Ibarra, O. P., et al., (2024) stand out. The previous
theoretical assumptions, combined with the observation of limitations in some conditional capacities of
university students at the State University of Milagro (UNEMI), led to this study, whose objective
focuses on verifying the effectiveness of an extracurricular swimming program in improving the
physical condition of university students who attend the swimming program during their free time.
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
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Materials and Methods
The study is of a causal explanatory type with an
experimental design in the mode of a pre-
pedagogical experiment (single group) with a
cross-sectional quantitative approach, in which a
total of (n=21) young university students from
different majors at the State University of
Milagro who attend the swimming program for
the promotion of health and physical condition
participated. The study began its diagnostic
phase in April of Cycle I of the 2025 academic
year and concluded with the application of the
actions and their results in July 2025. As
empirical methods, measurement with functional
physical tests and the physical activity
questionnaire were used. The research was
developed in three phases: diagnosis,
development and implementation of the
program, and validation of the program's
effectiveness. As data collection techniques, the
Arm Strength Endurance Test, Cooper Test, 60-
Meter Speed Test, and 100-Meter Freestyle Test
were used.
Participants
The population consisted of sixty-two university
students (N=62) who attended the double
session of the swimming program at UNEMI.
As a sample, (n=21) were used, chosen by
certain inclusion criteria at the researcher's
convenience, such as female gender, students
with more than 90% attendance at the sessions,
and voluntary willingness to participate in the
research. The sample consisted of 21 female
students with an average age of 21.4 years with a
standard deviation (SD) of 3.52 and an average
Body Mass Index (BMI) of 27.15 and an (SD) of
2.65.
Procedures
The recommendations provided by the National
Council of Measurement in Education (2018)
regarding standards for the application of
instruments were followed, which included the
following actions: a) approval for the application
of the instruments was requested; b) references
from authors whose studies used the tests to be
applied were taken; c) the instrumentation was
submitted for validation by specialists; d)
informed consent regarding participation in the
study was assessed with the students; e) data
collection and tabulation proceeded. The study
was approved by the Research Commission of
the Faculty of Education Sciences of UNEMI in
2025.
Instruments
For information collection, quantitative and
qualitative techniques were used, detailed below:
Arm Strength Endurance Test: This test was
applied to evaluate the state of upper body
strength endurance of the university students in
30 seconds. The 60-meter speed or sprint test to
evaluate speed of movement, the Cooper test to
evaluate the state of aerobic endurance, and the
100-meter freestyle test to evaluate the times
taken to complete the distance.
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
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Results
As part of the diagnostic phase in April of Cycle
I of the 2025 academic year, the established
instruments and tests were applied to the
declared sample, which yielded the following
results in each of the tests as pretest:
The arm strength endurance test was applied
to evaluate the number of repetitions in 30
seconds, for which criteria from other studies for
evaluation in young people of this age were taken,
the evaluation categories being: >30 Excellent,
24-30 Very Good, 19-23 Good, 13-18 Fair, and
<13 Poor. For the 60-meter speed test, the
following scales were used: <8”.50 Excellent,
8”.50-8”.89 Very Good, 8”.90 - 9".10 Good,
, 9".11-9".60 Fair, and >9".60 Poor. For the
Cooper test, standardized criteria for subjects
who are not high-performance athletes were
taken, so the following evaluation categories
were assigned: >2350m Excellent, 2349-2150m
Very Good, 2149-1950m Fair, and <1950m
Poor.
For the 100-meter freestyle test, considerations
for university students of these ages were taken
into account and subjected to criteria from
swimming specialists, so the times considered
for grading were: <1:10”.00 Excellent, 1:10”.00-
1:18”.00 Very Good, 1:18”.01-1:25”.00 Good,
1:25”.01-1:30”.00 Fair, and >1:30”00 Poor.
Table 1
Results of the tests during the diagnostic phase (pretest)
Physical Condition Test (Pre-Test)
No.
Reps/30"
Eval.
Cooper Dist.
Eval.
60m Time
Eval.
100m Crowl
Eval.
1
18
Fair
1530
Poor
11.93
Poor
1:32”10
Poor
2
15
Fair
1810
Poor
13.74
Poor
1:35”20
Poor
3
10
Poor
1750
Poor
12.25
Poor
1:35”25
Poor
4
20
Good
1750
Poor
10.12
Poor
1:30”00
Poor
5
12
Poor
1190
Poor
10.75
Poor
1:30”00
Poor
6
23
Good
1920
Poor
10.80
Poor
1:28”16
Fair
7
25
V. Good
2015
Fair
9.50
Fair
1:27”12
Fair
8
26
V. Good
2150
Fair
9.25
Fair
1:26”24
Fair
9
18
Fair
1850
Poor
11.26
Poor
1:45”30
Poor
10
22
Good
1730
Poor
11.30
Poor
1:55”30
Poor
11
20
Good
1600
Poor
10.15
Poor
1:56”24
Poor
12
18
Fair
1750
Poor
11.23
Poor
1:36”00
Poor
13
14
Fair
1800
Poor
10.34
Poor
1:37”25
Poor
14
22
Good
1950
Fair
11.32
Poor
1:25”87
Fair
15
21
Good
1840
Poor
10.27
Poor
1:32”23
Poor
16
16
Fair
1780
Poor
9.58
Fair
1:31”60
Poor
17
15
Fair
1750
Poor
11.26
Poor
1:33”30
Poor
18
13
Fair
1820
Poor
12.45
Poor
1:30”00
Poor
19
17
Fair
1620
Poor
10.05
Poor
1:34”13
Poor
20
16
Fair
1980
Fair
11.10
Poor
1:37”60
Poor
21
21
Good
2010
Fair
9.55
Fair
1:45”34
Poor
X
18.19
Fair
1790
Poor
10.86
Poor
1:38”26
Poor
Note: Reps/30". Arm Strength Endurance Test, Cooper Dist.: Aerobic Endurance Test, 60m Time:
Speed Test, 100m Freestyle: Speed Endurance Test in Swimming.
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
23
The results of the tests showed general
difficulties in the sampled university students
entering the swimming program, revealing results
in the arm strength endurance test where only
two students are rated as Very Good for 9.5%, 7
are rated as Good for 33.3%, 11 are rated as Fair
for 52.4%, and two are rated as Poor for 9.5%.
This shows that more than 50% of the
participants are rated between the Fair and Poor
categories. Regarding the Cooper Test, many
more difficulties are shown, as 16 of the 21
students are rated as Poor for 72.2% and the rest,
17.8%, are rated as Fair, so none of the students
are rated as Good.
Regarding the 60-meter speed test and the
100-meter freestyle test, generally unfavorable
results were obtained, as 17 of the 21 students are
rated as Poor by 80.9% and the rest, 19.1%, are
rated as Fair; none of the students are rated in
another category.
Based on this result during the Program
Development and Implementation Phase, the
following actions were determined: development
of the general and specific objectives, planning of
the exercise system and methods of the program,
and its application over 12 weeks. These actions
are presented below:
Action 1. Development of objectives. In this
phase, the General Objective was determined:
To improve the physical conditions of university
students at the State University of Milagro.
Specific objectives:
a) Develop exercises for the development of the
physical capacities of rapid strength, strength
endurance, speed endurance, pure speed, aerobic
endurance.
b) Develop technical exercises for learning the
technical phases of the freestyle in swimming.
c) Improve the capacities of strength endurance,
speed, anaerobic and aerobic endurance.
d) Improve times in the speed tests and speed
endurance test in swimming.
Action 2. Exercises and methods for training
basic and specific conditional capacities.
Table 2
Schedule of exercises, methods, procedures, and components of the training load of the program
Physical Work Dosage Mesocycle 1
Physical Capacity
Sessions/Wk.
Method
Procedure
Intensity
Volume
Strength Endurance
2
Intensive Interval
Frontal
High 80-85%
HRmax
2 sets x12-15
reps/70%1RM
Explosive Strength
1
Standard Repetition
Circuit
Very
High >90%
HRmax
4 sets x6-8 reps
30-35% 1RM
Speed
2
Standard Repetition
Wave
Very
High >90%
HRmax
3 sets x4 reps of
30-35 m
Speed Endurance
2
Extensive Short
Interval
Wave
Medium 75%
HRmax
3 sets x4 reps of
50-60 m
Aerobic Endurance
1
Standard Continuous
Frontal
Low 60%
HRmax
Continuous run 8-
10 minutes
Maximal Strength
1
Ascending
Repetition
Circuit
Very
High >90%
HRmax
4 sets x6-8 reps
70% 1RM
Flexibility 1 Standard & Variable
Exercise
Circuit Low 50-60%
HRmax
3 sets x reps 20
sec.
Freestyle Technical Work 4 Global/Analytical Waves Low-Medium 15-20 min.
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
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Physical Work Dosage Mesocycle 2
Physical Capacity
Sessions/Wk.
Method
Procedure
Intensity
Volume
Strength Endurance
2
Intensive
Interval
Circuit
High 85-89%
HRmax
3 sets x12-15
reps/75%1RM
Explosive Strength
1
Standard
Repetition
Frontal
Very
High >90%
HRmax
4 sets x8-10 reps
35% 1RM
Speed
2
Standard
Repetition
Wave
Very
High >90%
HRmax
3 sets x4 reps of
35-40 m
Speed Endurance
2
Extensive
Medium
Interval
Wave
Medium 75%
HRmax
3 sets x4 reps of
70-200m
Aerobic Endurance
1
Standard
Continuous
Frontal
Low 60%
HRmax
Continuous run
10-15 minutes
Maximal Strength
1
Ascending
Repetition
Circuit
Very
High >90%
HRmax
4 sets x 4-6 reps
75-80% 1RM
Flexibility
1
Standard &
Variable
Exercise
Circuit
Low 50-60%
HRmax
3 sets x reps 20
sec.
Freestyle Technical Work
4
Repetitions
Waves
Low-Medium
20-25 min.
Physical Work Dosage Mesocycle 3
Physical Capacity
Sessions/Wk.
Method
Procedure
Intensity
Volume
Strength Endurance
2
Intensive
Interval
Circuit
High 85-89%
HRmax
3 sets x10-15
reps/80%1RM
Explosive Strength
1
Standard
Repetition
Wave
Very
High >90%
HRmax
4 sets x 8-10 reps
40% 1RM
Speed
2
Standard
Repetition
Wave
Very
High >90%
HRmax
3 sets x4 reps of
35-40 m
Speed Endurance
2
Extensive
Medium
Interval
Wave
Medium 75%
HRmax
3 sets x4 reps of
200-400m
Aerobic Endurance
1
Standard
Continuous
Frontal
Low 60%
HRmax
Continuous run
15-20 minutes
Maximal Strength
1
Ascending
Repetition
Circuit
Very
High >90%
HRmax
4 sets x 4-6 reps
85-90% 1RM
Flexibility
1
Standard &
Variable
Exercise
Circuit
Low 50-60%
HRmax
3 sets x reps 30
sec.
Freestyle Technical Work
4
Repetitions
Waves
Low-Medium
20-25 min.
Source: Own elaboration
The program effectiveness validation phase allowed the evaluation of the changes obtained in the physical
condition of the university students. This phase was carried out in weeks 14 and 15 of the declared
academic period, where the same tests were applied in a standardized manner to the selected sample. The
results of this second measurement are presented below:
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
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Table 3
Results of the physical condition tests during the program validation phase (posttest)
Physical Condition Test Post-test
No.
Reps/30"
Eval.
Cooper Dist.
Eval.
60m Time
Eval.
100m Freestyle
Eval.
1
20
Good
1920
Fair
9.6
Fair
1:29”20
Fair
2
18
Fair
1970
Good
10.68
Poor
1:30”20
Poor
3
14
Fair
1925
Fair
10.2
Poor
1:31”25
Poor
4
24
V. Good
1950
Good
8.7
V. Good
1:25”00
Fair
5
18
Fair
1380
Poor
9.5
Fair
1:24”00
Good
6
23
Good
2150
V. Good
9.50
Fair
1:24”16
Good
7
27
V. Good
2250
V. Good
9.00
Good
1:23”12
Good
8
29
V. Good
2320
V. Good
9.05
Good
1:22”24
Good
9
22
Good
2000
Good
9.50
Fair
1:36”30
Poor
10
26
V. Good
1820
Fair
9.60
Poor
1:45”30
Poor
11
20
Good
1740
Poor
9.20
Fair
1:36”24
Poor
12
23
Good
1890
Fair
9.45
Fair
1:29”00
Fair
13
14
Fair
1970
Good
9.00
Good
1:32”00
Poor
14
24
V. Good
2350
Excellent
10.20
Poor
1:21”87
V. Good
15
20
Good
1930
Fair
9.30
Fair
1:27”23
Fair
16
20
Good
1950
Good
9.20
Fair
1:28”60
Fair
17
17
Fair
1750
Poor
9.50
Fair
1:28”30
Fair
18
17
Fair
1880
Fair
10.50
Poor
1:27”00
Fair
19
22
Good
1850
Fair
9.05
Good
1:29”13
Fair
20
19
Good
2200
V. Good
9.70
Poor
1:32”60
Poor
21
24
V. Good
2150
V. Good
8.85
V. Good
1:35”34
Poor
X
18.19
1790
Poor
9.76
Poor
1:31”26
Poor
Source: Own elaboration
The results of the tests performed show slight
progress in most of the physical tests performed.
In the arm strength endurance test, 6 students are
rated as Very Good for 28.6%, 9 are rated as
Good for 42.8%, 6 are rated as Fair for 28.57%,
and none are rated as Poor. This shows significant
progress after applying the program.
Regarding the Cooper Test, progress is shown, as
only 6 of the 21 students are rated as Poor for
28.57%. Progress is shown in students rated
between Good and Excellent with 38.1%, and 7
are rated as Fair for 33.3%.
Regarding the 60-meter speed test, although
no praiseworthy progress is shown in the assigned
categories, there are 6 students rated between
Good and Very Good for 28.6%. In the Fair
category, 9 students are diagnosed for 42.8%, and
only 6 are rated as Poor for 28.6%.
In the 100-meter freestyle test, very favorable
results were obtained in the times, as 100%
improved their results; however, the Very Good
and Excellent categories were poor. Only five out
of 21 students, 23.8%, were in these categories, 8
students were rated as Fair for 38.09%, and 9
students were rated as Poor for 42.8%.
These results were subjected to hypothesis
testing, so a normality test was applied to
corroborate if the data have a normal distribution
and consequently apply a statistical test to
corroborate the following Researcher's
Hypothesis Hi:
The application of the program caused
changes in the physical condition of the university
students and H0: The application of the
extracurricular program did not cause changes in
the physical condition of the university students.
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
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Table 4
Student's T-test for Paired Samples
Diferencias emparejadas
t
df
Sig.
(2-
tailed
)
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Arm Strength Endurance Pretest - Posttest
-2.81
1.861
0.406
-6.92
20
0.00
Aerobic Endurance Pretest - Aerobic Endurance
Posttest
-178.571
92.738
20.237
-8.82
20
0.00
60m Speed Pretest - 60m Speed Posttest
1.37714
0.68084
0.14857
9.269
20
0.00
100m Freestyle Pretest - 100m Freestyle Posttest
6.00714
3.82212
0.83405
7.202
20
0.00
Source: Own Elaboration
The results show that in all four tests the
Significance level is 0.00 <0.05, therefore the null
hypothesis is rejected and the researcher's
hypothesis Hi is accepted, demonstrating that the
differences are highly significant in the posttest
after applying the extracurricular swimming
activities program.
Discussion
The study coincides with the female gender
used by Cruz Gutiérrez, O., et al., (2021), but with
adult women to whom an aquatic activities
program was applied that had an impact on their
mood and quality of life; however, this study does
not apply physical or functional tests that would
show the physical impacts of the sample under
study. Nevertheless, the present research shows,
in a process of test standardization, exact control
of the evaluated physical condition indicators.
The study conducted by Juárez Flores, J.,
Carrillo, C. C. R., Serna, H. V., & Martínez, J. Á.
F. (2024) addresses the incidence of aerobic
exercise on blood pressure in Mexican older
adults, corroborating changes in interesting
indicators such as BMI and Abdominal Perimeter
with significant changes in these anthropometric
indicators. However, no changes in the physical
condition of the older adults were offered, and no
physical tests or trials were applied.
As a limitation of the present study, there is the
low generalizability of the study results due to the
sample size. It is recommended to extend the
number of subjects with the application of the
program and include subjects of the male sex.
RIAF Journal ISSN: 2953-6693 Vol. – 4 No. 1, January 2026
27
Conclusions
The development of an extracurricular program
with its phases of diagnosis, development and
implementation, evaluation and validation of the
results, and its subsequent application included
physical preparation exercises and the
development of specific skills in the freestyle
stroke in swimming over three mesocycles in
university students at UNEMI. Its effectiveness
was statistically demonstrated with the
application of the student's t-test for hypothesis,
which showed that the significance levels in the
four tests were highly significant with a P value
result of 0.00 <0.05, therefore the changes after
applying the program were highly significant in
the subjects under study.
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Declaration of conflict of interest: Through
this, it is confirmed that the authors show no
conflicts of interest with the publication of the
contents of the manuscript and its publication in
RIAF.
Declaration of author participation:
Carlos Rosendo Álvarez Rojas: Participated in
the application of the research methods and
instruments, the development of the activity
program and its application and implementation.
Developed the research methodology.
Manuel Rondan Elizalde: Developed the
theoretical framework, constructed the
bibliographic references, and the search and
systematization of theoretical information.
Developed the discussion and conclusions of the
study.