Poblaciones microbianas y su contribución en la generación de suelos supresivos

Resumen

En los agroecosistemas, el suelo es esencial para todos los cultivos, siendo el principal soporte de las raíces y la fuent-e de nutrientes para las plantas. El suelo es además el hábitat de microorganismos que pueden llegar a tener efectos tanto benéficos como perjudiciales para las plantas. Los suelos supresivos (SS) son quizás el mejor ejemplo para describir la compleja interacción entre las plantas y su microbioma. En un SS la incidencia y severidad de las infecciones permanecen bajas aun en las condiciones adecuadas para su desarrollo. Existen dos tipos de supresión en los SS: general, donde toda la comunidad microbiana actúa en conjunto, y específica, donde ciertos taxones microbianos o grupos antagonistas dirigen la supresión. El efecto antagónico de los SS se debe a los diversos mecanismos como: la competencia por nutrientes, producción de compuestos antimicrobianos, compuestos orgánicos volátiles (VOCs) e inducción de resistencia sistémica. En las últimas décadas, gracias a las tecnologías ómicas, la naturaleza microbiana de la supresión ha sido ampliamente demostrada. Sin embargo, potenciar la formación de suelos supresivos sigue representando un reto en términos del manejo sustentable de dicho recurso natural. Por ello, en la presente revisión se busca brindar un panorama actual sobre el papel de las comunidades microbianas en la formación de suelos supresivos.

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