Investigación, Tecnología e Innovación es una revista de acceso abierto, revisada por pares, de carácter científico, bilingüe y multidisciplinario. Su principal objetivo es divulgar los resultados inéditos de investigaciones originales, en las áreas de: 1. Ciencias Naturales: Matemática, Computación y Ciencias de la Información; 2. Ingeniería y Tecnología: Ingeniería Civil, Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica e informática, Ingeniería Mecánica; 4. Ciencias Agrícolas: Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, Biotecnología Agrícola, Otras Ciencias Agrícolas; 5. Ciencias Sociales: Economía y Negocios, Ciencias de la Educación, Derecho, Ciencias Políticas, Periodismo y Comunicaciones; 6. Humanidades, según la Clasificación de Áreas Científicas de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). A la fecha se encuentra indexada en: LATINDEX Catálogo 2.0, MIAR, DIALNET, LatinRev, REDIB, Index Copernicus, AmeliCA, ERIHPLUS. Investigación, Tecnología e Innovación no cobra por ingreso, procesamiento o publicación de artículos. Entidad editora: Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas, Ecuador. Frecuencia de publicación: Semestral (publica el primer número el 31 de mayo y el segundo número el 30 de noviembre). Correo de contacto: revistaiti@ug.edu.ec
Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Facial Image Modeling Using Deep Learning Techniques in the Management of Administrative Processes at UTM
Context: Higher education institutions promote automated solutions to optimize processes and services; this study designed a facial emotion recognition prototype applied to administrative processes at Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM). Method: A custom convolutional neural network (CNN) optimized for 48×48 grayscale images was compared against a pretrained MobileNetV1, following a reproducible pipeline of preprocessing, data augmentation, and validation across six emotion classes (happiness, anger, fear, neutral, sadness, and disgust). Results: The custom CNN achieved the best performance with an accuracy of 0.88 versus 0.80 for MobileNetV1; the best model was integrated into a prototype tested in enrollment scenarios, where the neutral emotion showed the highest frequency and confidence. Conclusions: In this context, convolutional neural networks are confirmed as suitable for image recognition focused on user service management in public services; future work should strengthen stratified validation, compare against reference datasets, and establish ethical criteria to support generalization and responsible use of sensitive data.
Deep learning, MobileNetV1, administrative processes, facial emotion recognition, convolutional neural networks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Research, Technology & Innovation
Inteligencia Artificial en el Proceso de Evaluación por Pares en la Educación Superior
Contexto: En los últimos años, la inteligencia artificial ha contribuido en la automatización de procesos de evaluación por pares en la educación superior. Sin embargo, persisten desafíos en la calificación de las evaluaciones cualitativas en la Universidad Técnica de Manabí del Ecuador. Objetivo: Crear un modelo de análisis de sentimientos basado en aspectos de retroalimentación por pares en idioma español. Método: Se aplicó una metodología experimental, mediante las fases del proceso estándar interindustrial para el aprendizaje automático. Se empleó técnicas de tokenización contextual, etiquetado BIO, reconocimiento de entidades nombradas, y balanceo de clases a través de aumento de datos. Se utilizó representaciones de codificadores bidireccionales a partir de transformadores para la comprensión contextual y una red neuronal convolucional para la detección de patrones. Resultados: El modelo alcanzó una precisión de 93,61%, y una puntuación F1 de 93,62%, con una pérdida de 16,77%, y una perplejidad de 1,18. Conclusiones: El modelo computacional se postula como una herramienta útil para analizar retroalimentaciones en procesos de evaluación por pares en el ámbito de la educación superior. Como trabajo futuro, se planea ampliar el conjunto de datos, e implementar otros algoritmos de análisis de sentimientos para mejorar la identificación de aspectos y la predicción de sentimiento por cada aspecto, consolidando su aplicabilidad en diversos contextos educativos en el idioma español.
análisis de sentimiento basado en aspecto
Multivariate Exploration of Digital Competence in Higher Education: STATIS Approach in the Venezuelan Context
Context: Digital competence is understood as the critical, safe, and responsible use of digital technologies for learning, work, and participation in society, according to the European Union's DigComp 2.2 Framework. Objective: This study analyzes digital competencies among students at a Venezuelan university, focusing on their self-perception and application within educational environments. Method: The research adopts a quantitative approach and employs a validated scale that assesses six key dimensions: content management, digital empathy, use of digital media, digital security, communication, and content creation. Results: The sample comprised 127 undergraduate students from technical disciplines, mostly under the age of 25. Participants demonstrated acceptable levels in information retrieval, digital communication, and cybersecurity. Deficiencies were identified in areas such as plagiarism detection and digital content creation. The STATIS analysis revealed a generational gap, with students over 30 years old showing lower levels of digital competence. The study highlights the importance of developing targeted training programs to enhance these skills, particularly among vulnerable groups, with an emphasis on digital empathy and security. Conclusions: The study recommends institutional and longitudinal interventions to promote digital literacy, enhance educational equity, and reduce the digital divide.
Reconocimiento de enfermedades en hojas de maíz utilizando modelos de aprendizaje profundo
Contexto: El maíz es uno de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial por su aporte a la seguridad alimentaria y a la economía agrícola, Sin embargo, las enfermedades foliares representan una amenaza creciente para su rendimiento. La identificación temprana es fundamental, en este contexto las técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) especialmente el aprendizaje profundo (Deep Learning), se está aplicando con éxito debido a su capacidad de analizar grandes volúmenes de imágenes. Métodos: Se construyó un dataset de 1079 imágenes de hojas de maíz y se evaluaron cuatro algoritmos preentrenados, junto con un modelo entrenado con arquitectura propia en dos escenarios: clasificación binaria (healthy vs. unhealthy) y multiclase (Stenocarpella, Roya común, Bipolaris, mancha de asfalto y saludable). Para el desarrollo del estudio, se siguió la metodología CRISP-ML. Resultados: En clasificación binaria, InceptionV3 alcanzó una precisión (accuracy) del 100%, el modelo Red Neuronal Convolucional (CNN) propuesto con pocas capas también alcanzo un 97 % de accuracy y 93 % en F1-score. Para la clasificación multiclase, DenseNet201 alcanzó el mejor rendimiento con 91% de accuracy. Conclusiones: estos resultados evidencian el potencial del aprendizaje profundo para la detección automatizada de enfermedades foliares del cultivo de maíz. Ofreciendo herramientas prometedoras para la agricultura 4.0.
Minería de comentarios en la red social X sobre la percepción de la seguridad en la ciudadanía ecuatoriana
Context: In the current context of growing attention to citizen security in Ecuador, social media has become a space where collective perceptions about violence and crime are expressed. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze posts extracted from social media platform X (formerly Twitter) in order to identify discursive patterns linked to insecurity, using computational techniques applied to textual data. Technique: The sample consisted of more than 2,000 geolocated posts in six cantons: Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca, Portoviejo, Manta, and Durán, collected in six rounds between June and July 2025. Preprocessing included duplicate removal, lexical normalization, and token analysis. Text mining techniques such as term frequency analysis, bigram generation, lexical sentiment classification, and thematic modeling were used. Results: The analysis revealed a high recurrence of terms linked to criminal acts and a predominance of messages with negative polarity, particularly in Guayaquil, Manta, and Durán. Using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) classification model, five recurring topics were identified that group together different discursive expressions about insecurity. Additionally, the use of other classification models, such as Naive Bayes, is suggested to estimate the polarity of new posts, utilizing a higher proportion of previously labeled data. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the significance of natural language processing in conjunction with classification techniques to identify patterns of interest within the country's citizen security, as perceived by social media users.
public safety, text mining, social media, sentiment analysis, LDA, Ecuador
IoT prototype for monitoring the water parameters of an aquaculture farm
Context: IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of sensors connected to a microcontroller that collect data and then send it via the Internet to a platform for processing and visualization. Objective: The objective of this project was to develop an IoT prototype to monitor water parameters in an aquaculture farm (tilapia and freshwater lobster) at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Guayaquil. Method: Applied research allowed us to acquire theoretical and practical knowledge, complemented by interviews and surveys conducted with the researchers responsible for the multitrophic farm. The project was organized using the Scrum framework. Results: The survey of those responsible for aquaculture showed that the IoT prototype facilitates real-time monitoring of aquaculture parameters, which can be viewed from the ThingSpeak platform via a wireless connection. Conclusions: The main parameters that must be monitored in an aquaculture farm to ensure the health and optimal growth of aquatic organisms are: pH, temperature, water level, flow, and turbidity. The ESP32 controller allows connection to the Internet, and the choice of reliable and properly calibrated sensors is essential to ensure accurate measurements.
From Leviathan to algorithm: reflections on the State and artificial intelligence
Context: Artificial intelligence, being more efficient, intelligent, objective, and practical than the average person, can replace humans in many productive and administrative tasks, including public service and government management in States. Objective: To reflect on the potential applications of artificial intelligence in the State with partial or absolute autonomy to evaluate its relevance and its ethical and social implications in accordance with the political ideas of Thomas Hobbes in his work Leviathan and Theodore Kaczynsky in The Industrial Society and Its Future. Method: Documentary review of primary sources on the political ideas in the aforementioned works, as well as on relevant documents that deal with the ethics of artificial intelligence in the State issued by international organizations. Results: The implementation of artificial intelligence with autonomy in governments is an idea originated in the need to optimize human administration of government. Reflections: The integration of artificial intelligence in governments generates risks and resistance on the part of political and social elites due to their impetus and desire for power.
Khan Academy as a teaching strategy for learning integers in basic education
Context: Learning operations with integers represents a frequent challenge for elementary school students, which generates difficulties in understanding fundamental mathematical concepts. The use of digital educational platforms has become an effective alternative to strengthen numerical skills and encourage logical thinking. Objective: To determine the effect of a teaching strategy using Khan Academy for learning operations with integers in eighth-year students of Higher Basic Education. Method: A quantitative, descriptiv e, quasi-experimental research study was developed. 82 students participated, divided into an experimental group and a control group. A pretest and a posttest were administered, and the data were processed using statistical tools such as Excel and SPSS. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in the performance of the experimental group after using the Khan Academy platform, with a relevant statistical difference (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusions: It is concluded that the use of Khan Academy positively impacts the development of numerical skills, promoting more autonomous, dynamic, and meaningful learning in the area of ​​mathematics.
Desarrollo de Competencias Pedagógicas en Tutores de Enfermería en Entornos Hospitalarios mediante Google Sites
Context: Hospital settings require nursing tutors with expert pedagogical skills and who can adapt to changing clinical conditions and the complex dynamics of care. Objective: This study evaluated a training program using Google Sites as a digital platform to develop the pedagogical skills of tutors at the Bolivarian University of Ecuador. Method: A quasi-experimental methodology was used, with 45 participants, in five modules. Results: The results of the quantitative evaluation concluded in significant improvements in all areas, including curricular adaptation (87%), use of digital resources (92%), and contextualized assessment (78%). The results of the qualitative evaluation show a profound change in the perception of the tutor role and an improvement in confidence in the application of active methodologies. Conclusions: Overall, the program proved to be an effective and viable strategy for the continuing education of clinical tutors in hospital settings.
The convergence between artificial intelligence and tourism: perspectives for sustainable development and operational efficiency
Context: The convergence between artificial intelligence (AI) and tourism has driven digital transformation in the industry, creating opportunities to enhance operational efficiency and traveler experiences. This study aims to understand how AI contributes to the sustainable development of tourism through process automation, hyper-personalization, and predictive analytics. Objective: To analyze how artificial intelligence (AI) contributes to the sustainable development of tourism by optimizing hyper-personalization, process automation, and predictive analytics to enhance operational efficiency and traveler experience. Methodology and Method: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method. A total of 45 articles were selected through a filtering process in academic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, applying inclusion criteria such as language, open access, and relevance .Results: AI enables hyper-personalization in service offerings, automation to optimize operational management, and predictive analytics to anticipate demand patterns. However, it also presents challenges such as data privacy, digital inclusion, and ethical regulation. Conclusions: AI can sustainably transform tourism if appropriate regulatory frameworks, training strategies, and cross-sector collaboration are implemented to ensure inclusive and responsible development.
Artificial intelligence, Sustainable tourism, Process automation, Predictive analytics ,Hyper-personalization
Biological risk and new color code in Colombia
Context: Context: The biological risk from hazardous waste is a reality in all economic sectors, in different countries. It's essential to understand how this risk materializes in business activities and how the application of color codes will allow for the management of such waste. Objective: To learn about the latest regulations for waste management in general, and how it is handled locally and in Latin America. Method: The methodology applied in this study is documentary, consisting of the review of bibliographies related to biological risk and the different color code provisions in the legislative and technical fields adopted by Colombia and some Latin American countries. Results: The main result of this study was that understanding and simplifying the waste classification and management process allows for the development of segregation and classification of managed waste that until a few years ago was consolidated as an environmental problem. For this, Colombia has consolidated 3 base colors, which seeks to reduce processes and effectively manage the handling of common and hazardous waste. Since the critical management of biological waste is conferred to sanitary service providers. Conclusions: It is concluded that the similarity that exists between the codifications in the different countries of Latin America where the red color has been prioritized for biological risk, but management centered on adequate classification, handling and final disposal has been discarded, to achieve a significant reduction in the volume of waste that is generated daily, thus reducing the possibility of contamination.
Transformaciones en la Educación Superior Ecuatoriana: Reflexiones de los Últimos 30 Años
Higher education in Ecuador has undergone significant transformations over the past three decades, within a context shaped by regulatory changes, social demands, expanded access, and technological advancement. This qualitative study is based on the analysis of official documents, academic literature, and interviews with key actors in the educational system. The findings reveal notable progress in terms of access, faculty professionalization, institutional evaluation, and scientific production. However, structural challenges remain, such as the disconnect between academic offerings and labor market needs, the commodification of graduate education, limited university-society engagement, and technological gaps. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed these inequalities and accelerated the digitalization of teaching, fostering new pedagogical methods and hybrid learning models. Regionally, Ecuador shares similarities with other Latin American countries in their efforts to democratize access, though it faces common challenges in quality, relevance, and equity. The study concludes that it is essential to consolidate an inclusive, flexible, and ethical educational model that reinforces the critical role of the university and contributes to sustainable development, social transformation, and the training of citizens capable of addressing the challenges of the twenty-first century.
El liderazgo transformacional y distribuido y su impacto en las organizaciones educacionales
Contexto: El siglo XXI requieren nuevos liderazgos en Educación, que escapen al clásico generical, en esto cobra fuerza el transformacional y distribuido, Objetivo: analizar el impacto del liderazgo transformacional y distribuido en organizaciones educacionales de Latinoamérica y España. Para lograrlo, se revisaron 11 investigaciones indexadas sobre la materia, publicadas en los últimos 6 años. Método: comprende una investigación cualitativa, interpretativo hermenéutico y fenomenológica. La obtención de datos considera análisis de discursos de fuentes secundarias. Resultados: destaca la desvalorización del liderazgo gerencial-vertical; el impacto positivo que tienen los liderazgos transformacional y distribuido en las organizaciones educacionales; el rol protagónico de los directivos, aunque se expresa en cualquier puesto de la organización; la influencia en múltiples direcciones: descendente, ascendente y horizontal; la necesidad de un ambiente de confianza, democracia, inspiración y valoración de los miembros de la comunidad; existen avances legislativo, pero insuficientes, y; la necesidad de equipos de investigación acción internas que releven estos liderazgos. Conclusiones: En el contexto actual el liderazgo transformacional y distribuido surgen como opciones potentes frente a una comunidad educativa que reclama por participación y grados de libertad de acción, diluyendo la verticalidad inconsulta en la toma de decisiones. Por lo anterior su impacto es altamente positivo.
Using the flipped classroom to strengthen the learning of accounting packages in third year of high school
Context: Education must respond to the future needs of society, therefore teaching methods must be sought that adapt to the technological changes observed in different work contexts. It is important that the teaching of accounting recognizes that traditional methods do not allocate spaces for practice and acquisition of experiences and skills. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the flipped classroom methodology on the learning of accounting packages in third-year high school students at the Cinco de Junio ​​Educational Unit. Materials and methods: At the “5 de junio” Educational Unit, through a quasi-experimental project, in a sample made up of 80 students with whom the results of the traditional educational method were compared with the flipped classroom method; new learning methods were applied divided into phases inside and outside the classroom, the teacher delivered educational material through digital tools and directed the development of activities within the classroom. Results: It was observed that the average of the control group (8.46) is lower than the experimental group (9.38). To examine whether the methodology used was pleasing to the students, a satisfaction survey was used that assessed key points of the project. Conclusion: it was demonstrated that the students felt motivated and committed to this methodology, thus fulfilling its objective, which consists of placing the student at the center of the educational process.
Elementos criminógenos de las tecnologías de la información y proliferación de la delincuencia informática
Contexto: La era digital ofrece inmensas oportunidades gracias al uso de la tecnología, pero también plantea serios riesgos asociados a la facilitación de conductas criminales, conocidas en el ámbito jurídico como delitos informáticos o ciberdelitos. En el ámbito penal, este fenómeno ha generado un intenso debate sobre la capacidad de los tipos penales tradicionales para abordar las nuevas problemáticas derivadas del uso y abuso de los sistemas computacionales, agrupadas bajo el concepto de criminalidad informática. Objetivo: Analizar los delitos informáticos desde una perspectiva jurídico-penal, considerando su vinculación con la delincuencia transnacional y el crimen organizado, así como los desafíos que enfrentan los sistemas de justicia ante su creciente expansión. Método: Se empleó un enfoque cualitativo-descriptivo, sustentado en el análisis doctrinal y normativo de las legislaciones penales, así como en la revisión de estudios especializados sobre ciberdelincuencia y criminalidad organizada de carácter transnacional. Resultados: Se evidencia que los delitos informáticos han evolucionado rápidamente, superando las previsiones normativas tradicionales. Su carácter transfronterizo y su vínculo con redes delictivas organizadas dificultan su persecución penal efectiva, lo que contribuye en muchos casos a altos niveles de impunidad. Conclusiones: La lucha contra los delitos informáticos requiere una actualización normativa constante, cooperación internacional efectiva y un enfoque multidisciplinario que permita enfrentar la complejidad jurídica y tecnológica de estos delitos.
Impulsando el turismo local a través de la transformación digital: desarrollo y usabilidad de una plataforma web para la parroquia de San Andrés
Context: Tourism is one of the most relevant economic sectors in the world, and the digital revolution has opened new windows to better manage it. However, paying attention, in the parish of San Andres, in Guano canton, Ecuador, tourism is limited by low technology adoption, lack of promotion and ineffective information management, which limits its growth and economic potential. Objective: to implement and evaluate the usability of a web application to improve the management and promotion of tourism information in the parish of San Andrés, considering its characteristics and needs, and to make information in this sector more accessible and available to tourists and local social actors. Materials and methods: A quantitative approach was used with an experimental design. The sample consisted of 70 users who visited the tourist sites and then filled out a questionnaire to evaluate the usability of the web application developed by analyzing four characteristics: intelligibility, learning, operability and aesthetics of the application's user interface. Results: Using the agile XP methodology allowed the development of an efficient and adaptable system to the project's needs. The constant collaboration between the development team and the parish government of San Andrés ensured the delivery of a quality product within the established deadlines. The web application facilitated visitor planning, increasing regional interest and improving the tourist experience and local development. The usability of the developed system was evaluated according to ISO/IEC 25010, using 20 questions based on the USE and CSUQ questionnaires. With a score of 93.01%, the system was considered feasible, highly intuitive, easy to use, easy to learn and visually attractive, meeting the objectives of tourism promotion.
Un modelo de control de inventarios, aplicado a una empresa de la construcción
Context: A company's inventory management includes the processes for producing, ordering, storing and selling. Effective inventory management keeps the company organized; it also provides critical data to help companies respond to trends, avoid supply chain management failures, and maintain profitability. Objective: To establish a type of transportation model based on the determination of the ideal EOQ for a construction company. Method: The work begins from the study carried out by other authors, in this analysis, an inventory study is developed applying methodologies according to the definition of the EOQ and the continuous review model with uncertain demand and standard deviation (q, R), and to later combine these results with another methodology applied to this study topic. Results: This work designs a total cost methodology, which seeks to show the optimal values ​​​​implemented to the purchase limits, thus establishing feasible results to be obtained by the company and that it can expand its decisions for the management of its inventories. Conclusions: This study shows the applicability of inventory optimization considering the ideal EOQ, seeking to find a solution with the lowest logistics cost. Initially, the volume discount technique is applied, to later combine it with transport modes applicable in various industries.
He INTERPRETABLE CLASSIFICATION MODELS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PUBLIC BID RECOMMENDER SYSTEM
The present work is an FCI project from the University of Guayaquil, with the main objective being the analysis of interpretable classification models for the development of a public bid recommender system. The methodology combines CRISP-DM and PMI approaches, ensuring a structured and technical management process. Historical public bidding data were collected and processed to develop analytical models. Technical applications, such as linear regression, were implemented using Python as the programming language, along with specialized libraries suited for the easy identification of patterns and trends. Additionally, cross-validations and performance metric comparisons, including the coefficient of determination (R²) and ranking accuracy, were conducted. This project contributes to strengthening public resource management through advanced technological tools that promote fairness and transparency in the awarding of contracts. The conclusions and recommendations presented can serve as a foundation for the future development of public bidding recommender systems
Determination of the Kinetic Friction Coefficient between a Block and an Inclined Plane Using Video Analysis
Context: The Tracker software is widely used in physics education to measure kinematic quantities such as position, velocity, and acceleration through video analysis. Its application allows students to observe and quantify the behavior of objects in various experiments. However, its use in dynamics is less common because it does not directly measure key quantities such as forces or energy. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the friction coefficient between a block sliding down an inclined plane, using Tracker and Newton's laws. Method: A low-cost experiment was conducted where a block was released from the top of an inclined plane. The movement was recorded using a mobile phone, and the position and velocity graphs and equations were analyzed with Tracker. Subsequently, by applying Newton's second law, the friction coefficient was determined. Results: The analysis revealed that the block descended with an acceleration of 2.54 m/s² and a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.44 was determined. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of incorporating technological tools in physics education, facilitating practical learning and the development of critical skills with accessible resources.
Gamified Methodological guide with Educaplay to improve motivation and academic Performance in the subject physics
Introduction: Gamification emerges as an innovative strategy that uses elements and dynamics of games in educational contexts to foster motivation and engagement of students in the learning process. Objective: To design and implement a methodological guide for gamification with Educaplay to improve motivation and academic performance in the subject of physics at the San Vicente Fiscal Educational Unit. Materials and Methods: A quantitative approach was used, with a pre-experimental pretest-posttest design without a control group. The sample included 30 first-year high school students and four teachers from the same institution. The following were applied: a survey to physics teachers to evaluate the use of gamification with Educaplay, the IMMS questionnaire (Instructional Materials Motivation Survey) to students, as well as a pretest-posttest knowledge test to measure academic performance. Results: The results showed that gamification had a positive and significant impact on motivation, increasing students' attention, confidence, relevance and satisfaction. Furthermore, the knowledge test revealed a considerable improvement in academic performance, with a significant increase in grades after the intervention. It was observed that teachers value the use of Educaplay as an effective pedagogical tool, although they highlighted the need for training for its correct implementation. Conclusion: Gamification with Educaplay proved to be a useful teaching strategy to improve the teaching of physics, although there are challenges for its integration in the classroom that need to be addressed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Research, Technology & Innovation
Influencia de la malta de quinua y amaranto en la calidad de la cerveza artesanal
Context: Malted barley production in Ecuador is insufficient to meet beer demand, leading to imports and raising costs. As an alternative, the use of pseudo-cereals such as quinoa and amaranth, which offer nutritional and sensory benefits, is being explored. This study seeks to optimize the formulation with these ingredients to reduce dependence on imported grains and improve the quality of craft beer. Method: physicochemical analysis of quinoa, amaranth, barley and craft beer, microbiological analysis and sensory analysis. Results: Formulation number one was the best with (75% barley, 10% quinoa, 15% amaranth), 7 (66% barley, 16% quinoa, 18% amaranth) and Control sample (100% barley), the characteristic flavor of barley and its organoleptic characteristics are favorable for its respective consumption. Conclusions: Craft beer with the replacement of barley malt with quinoa and amaranth was well accepted among the panelists, which demonstrates the use of these pseudocereals in the proportions studied.
Amaranth, Quinoa, Craft beer, Sensory properties, Malta
The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between stroke rate, measured in cycles per second, and swimming speed, measured in meters per second in freestyle swimming in the male gender. In addition to the variables mentioned above, there are others that are also involved in the physical phenomenon and that will be controlled as far as possible during the research process, such as stroke length, arm length, height, sex, somatotype of each swimmer, additionally there are the forces that act on the swimmer such as weight, buoyancy force, resistive force of water, air and water waves, and the force applied to the water. In our country, there are many coaches who ignore the ideal relationship between swimming speed and stroke rate in a swimmer. For this research, the Tracker video analyzer was used and it was demonstrated with the correlation coefficient that there is a strong direct proportion relationship between stroke rate and swimmer's swimming speed. The results obtained from the relationship between the variables mentioned show that the stroke length is (1,744±1,408) m/cycles and that its significant uncertainty is due to the technique used in the methodology, however, it considers a wide range that includes the theoretical value.
Translator This work highlights the significance of protecting intellectual property rights (IPR) to promote innovation and economic development on a worldwide scale. It focuses on the particular situation in Ecuador, where the efficient safeguarding of IPR is presented as a fundamental tool to encourage investment in new ideas, products, and services. It emphasizes that the absence of sufficient protection of IPR can have negative consequences, diminishing authors' interest in the creative process and leaving their works unprotected. Additionally, it is mentioned that countries with less advanced intellectual property systems face challenges in attracting investments and stimulating innovation, as the lack of effective protection limits their capacity to compete in the international market. Through a bibliographic and legal review, this article puts into perspective the need to build legal proposals that protect intellectual property rights to foster inventiveness, economic growth and innovation in Ecuador in light of global experiences.
The Digital Revolution in Ecuadorian SMEs: New Business Models and Growth Opportunities
The analysis of the impact of the Digital Revolution on Ecuadorian SMEs revealed a series of significant findings that highlight both the progress and challenges these businesses faced in their digital transformation process. In Ecuador, it was determined that the total number of SMEs amounted to approximately 838,627, with a geographic distribution of 70% in urban areas and 30% in rural areas, which directly influenced their ability to adopt digital technologies. Data from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) showed that only about 40% of SMEs in Ecuador had an online presence, and less than 20% used advanced technologies, underscoring the urgent need for policies to promote technological adoption. In the commerce sector, the adoption of digital technologies allowed SMEs to improve their reach and operational efficiency, with 60% adopting e-commerce platforms. The manufacturing sector experienced a transformation, with 25% of SMEs integrating advanced technologies. In the services sector, 50% of SMEs implemented customer relationship management systems and online service platforms. However, in the agricultural sector, only 10% of SMEs adopted digital technologies, limiting their ability to improve productivity and sustainability. Improving access to financing, investing in technological infrastructure, and promoting digital skills training were identified as crucial steps to bridge the technological gap and enable Ecuadorian SMEs to fully leverage the opportunities offered by the Digital Revolution.
SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises)
Prefeasibility of coffee cultivation (Coffea sp.) in the agricultural area of the canton Pajan province Manabi
Context: The historical technical-economic problems of the Ecuadorian coffee subsector encouraged me to conduct this research work, whose general aim was to carry out a pre-feasibility study for coffee cultivation in the agricultural area of the Pajan-Manabi canton to contribute to the economy improvement of the average producer. Method: The methodology used was descriptive and explanatory, with primary and secondary collection of data and information through surveys, statistics on agrotechnical indicators and national and international market, processed through descriptive and inferential statistics and economic-financial analysis. Results: The lack of government aid to the producer in the different stages of the management of the plantations and trading of coffee cultivation, reduce their income to unprofitable levels of a business exploitation. Conclusions: Although Ecuador has ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for coffee cultivation, a tendency to disappear is expected due to the annual decrease that production and consumption has been experiencing in the country.
Copyright (c) 2024 Investigación, Tecnología e Innovación
Pre-feasibility of cocoa cultivation (Theobroma cacao L.), in the agricultural area of the canton Pajan, province of Manabi
Context: Regarding the problems faced by the ecuadorian cocoa subsector in marketing and technical-economic management of plantations, the general aim of this research work was to carry out a pre-feasibility study of cocoa cultivation in the agricultural area of the Pajan-Manabi canton to contribute to improving the economy of the average producer. Method: The research methodology used was descriptive and explanatory, with primary and secondary collection of data and information by means of surveys. In addition, statistics on the components of the national and international market forces of the sector, processed with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The lack of state support to the producer in the different stages of the management of the agricultural enterprise, cause a reduction of incomes in an agricultural area that presents optimal edaphoclimatic factors for cultivation. Conclusions: In cocoa CCN-51, the NPV is positive and the IRR 32%, indicators that reveal feasibility of this agrosocio-economic project.
Copyright (c) 2023 Liliana Irene Cercado Malavé, Cristhian Neptalí Macías García, Iván Edmundo Ramos Mosquera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Mitigation of Environmental Noise Pollution in the surroundings of a Higher Education Institution through the Implementation of Strategies in a Social Marketing Plan
Context: The research provides an overview of the environmental noise pollution in the surroundings of a university and its impact on the teaching-learning process, this is approached from the pedagogical perspective, environmental noise pollution and social marketing. The WHO in its standards indicates the permissible decibels for each area such as: residences, industries and educational centers. Method: A study was conducted in order to know the degree of understanding or perception of students about this problem. The method used was non-probabilistic convenience sampling of 449 young people from generation Z, with a survey of 18 questions. Results: As a solution, we propose the development of a social marketing plan for a campaign to mitigate environmental noise in the surroundings of an education center. This plan must fulfill 12 points, in which social marketing, guerrilla marketing and digital marketing strategies will be developed, as well as the collaboration of Influencers. Conclusions: Noise is a problem that affects everyone, and in this case its impact on the learning process is presented. We propose the use of strategies such as guerrilla, viral and digital marketing; to publicize the proposals, such as a training and awareness campaign, with the collaboration of Influencers. Strategies are defined for public transportation, cabs, such as carrying advertising referring to not honking the horn if it is not necessary.
Copyright (c) 2022 Javier Duque Aldaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Regime [21] for the Acquisition of Vegetable Oils in Tuna Companies of the City of Manta – Ecuador
Context: Canned tuna is one of the Non-Traditional products with the greatest participation in the exportable supply of Ecuador, thus being the coastal zone the region with the largest settlement of industrial plants. Manta considered the "capital of canned tuna" is home to a large majority oftuna industries. The companies that export canned tuna benefit from the Temporary Admission for Active Processing (regime 21) to acquire certain merchandise with the suspension of the payment of import taxes. Method: In order to analyze the incidence of the acquisition of vegetable oils under regime 21 in the tuna companies of the city of Manta, a type of descriptive investigation was used with a qualitative-quantitative approach, by collecting information through interviews and surveys. Results: After the application of the information collection tools, it was possible to verify that this regime is actually being applied for the acquisition of vegetable oils, being directly for olive oil (refined), while indirectly for olive oils. of soybean and sunflower (supplied mostly "raw") because initially they would be imported by national suppliers to neighboring countries such as Bolivia and Argentina, to later be refined and offered under a Transfer of Ownership contract to a majority of the companies subject to study. Conclusions: The study reflects that it is more profitable for tuna companies (costs) to acquire soybean and sunflower oils from third parties (through a title transfer contract) and for olive oil, direct acquisition is more feasible since the "savings ” will be more meaningful.
Copyright (c) 2022 Maribel Huaygua Apaza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Analysis of the usability and restructuring of a website. Application case: Institutional Website of the Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí
Context: This article aims to carry out the redesign of the website of the Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro De Manabí under the new statute of the institution approved this year and current web trends, this project will make the most of the new corporate image of the institution. Likewise, the content manager that already operates in the institution (called WordPress) is used as a foundation for the creation of a new template with custom web design from scratch. Method: A mixed methodology is used to analyze the information, as well as techniques such as direct observation, interviews with experts, and surveys to gather information and evaluate the results. For the construction of the site, the SCRUM methodological framework is used. Results: When developing the new template, the website presents a unique and unrepeatable design, ease of detecting and correcting errors, adding unlimited functionalities, own technical support, among others, in addition, it is optimized to offer better performance in browsers, improving thus the user experience. Finally, a comparison of the usability of the new site versus the previous one is made. Conclusions: The restructuring of the website allows a better experience for users, avoiding losses when browsing the web, using the information based on the new organic structure of the institution, with a design adapted to the new institutional brand and with web technology. responsive that allows it to be adaptable to all types of devices (Computer, Smartphone, Tablets), in addition to containing important functionalities such as web accessibility and usability.
Copyright (c) 2022 Alex Santamaría-Philco, Anthony Legarda Albiño, William Guadamud Cevallos, Doris Macías-Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Identification of vehicular traffic patterns using density-based trajectory clustering algorithms
Context: This paper focuses on identifying congestion patterns. Three data sets from the cities of Beijing, Guayaquil and Rome are used for this purpose. Method: The implementation of the Dyclee algorithm, modified to group cells of trajectories based on speeds, is carried out, with which experiments are performed in which the patterns of service volume and operability index are adequately calculated based on their results. The predominant research modality is bibliographic. However, the study also includes characteristics of a field research, because the algorithms were executed with GPS trajectory data from three different data sets. Results: To validate this research, two experiments were run. In the first experiment it was determined that the Dyclee algorithm correctly calculated the congestion patterns. In the second experiment it was found that TRADBSCAN obtained the best results with respect to validation metrics taking into account the established parameters. Conclusions: It was concluded that the Dyclee density-based clustering algorithm is able to identify vehicular congestion patterns.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gary Reyes, José Roldán, Angélica Macias, Francisco Cordova, Oscar León https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/