INQUIDE - Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
INQUIDE - Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo, is edited by the Faculty of Chemical Engineering of the University of Guayaquil, Ecuador. We are an international, bilingual, multidisciplinary, open access scientific journal that publishes peer-reviewed scientific articles. We publish articles in English and Spanish. Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo is published biannually; the first issue on January 1, the second issue on July 1; and there is no charge for admission, processing or publication of articles. The review time for scientific articles is 1.5 to 3 months. Email: inquide@ug.edu.ec / francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec Objective of INQUIDE Journal INQUIDE – Chemical Engineering and Development aims to disseminate original, relevant, and academically rigorous research that advances theoretical or practical knowledge in science and engineering. The journal prioritizes studies that contribute to methodological, technological, or professional innovation and align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). INQUIDE – Chemical Engineering and Development is an interdisciplinary scientific journal focused on publishing original research in engineering, applied science, and sustainable development. Its editorial approach promotes technological advancement, industrial innovation, and responsible resource management, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
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Comparative evaluation of granulometric distribution in grains processed by ball and hammer Mills.
The grinding of grains is fundamental in industrial processes, where the resulting particle size distribution directly impacts product quality. This study aimed to compare the granulometric distribution of corn and soybeans processed using a hammer mill, ball mill, and their combination. Samples of corn and soybeans were ground using three configurations: hammer mill, ball mill, and sequential milling with both. The resulting material was sieved to determine weight retained per mesh and calculate characteristic diameters (D10, D50, D90). Additional particle microscopy and ANOVA were performed to evaluate significant differences. The hammer mill produced coarse, heterogeneous distributions, especially for soybeans (D50 ≈ 2.9 mm). The ball mill generated a higher proportion of fine particles in corn (D50 ≈ 1.38 mm) but was ineffective for soybeans (D50 ≈ 3.53 mm). The mill combination achieved the most uniform distribution for both grains (D50 ≈ 1.05–1.25 mm). ANOVA detected no global significant differences, though morphological and distributional disparities were observed in sieve analysis. The combined milling approach optimized granulometric distribution, overcoming the limitations of each individual equipment.
Thermo-hydraulic design of an unfinned and finned double pipe heat exchanger for milk cooling. Part 1 - Unfinned heat exchanger.
Double-pipe heat exchangers (DPHEs) have acquired significance in recent years as a result of their simple construction, compactness, ease of maintenance and cleaning, and relatively low operating/capital costs, with widespread use in heat transfer services involving sensible heating or cooling of process fluids. This paper aims to design a DPHE from the thermo-hydraulic point of view, to determine its suitability and applicability to cool down a stream of liquid cow’s milk using chilled water as coolant. Several design parameters were calculated such as total number of hairpins (21), heat transfer surface area (12.92 m2), cleanliness factor (0.752) and percent over surface (32.96%), which can be considered as satisfactory. Also, it is required a mass flowrate of chilled water of 9.32 kg/s, classified as high. The designed DPHE cannot be applied satisfactorily in the requested heat transfer service because the pressure drop (9,481,246 Pa) of the tube-side fluid (chilled water) is quite higher than the maximum allowable limit set by the process (85,000 Pa), which also increases the required pumping power for this fluid to an important value (110.5 kW). The designed DPHE will cost around USD $ 45,600 based on May 2025.
ARIMA vs. Hybrid Models with Machine Learning for Forecasting Ecuador's GDP.
The analysis of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is essential for understanding Ecuador's economic dynamics and guiding strategic decisions in contexts of high macroeconomic volatility. The purpose of the study was to estimate and forecast Ecuador's short-term GDP growth rate using robust and validated statistical models. Historical GDP series (1965–2023) obtained from the Central Bank of Ecuador were used. Stationarity tests (ADF, KPSS), correlograms, and information criteria (AIC, BIC) were applied to select appropriate ARIMA models. The analysis was performed using EViews 12, generating projections for the period 2024–2027 under optimistic, pessimistic and expected scenarios. The results showed that the Ecuadorian GDP series was not stationary at its original level, which required the application of the first difference to stabilise the mean. The identified ARIMA model incorporated autoregressive and moving average components, whose coefficients were statistically significant. The model residuals did not show autocorrelation, confirming its validity. The projections generated for the period 2024–2027 indicated moderate growth under optimistic, pessimistic and expected scenarios. These results were consistent with official estimates, validating the Box-Jenkins methodology as an effective tool for national economic forecasting. The study provides useful empirical evidence for national economic planning, validating the applicability of ARIMA models in GDP analysis. In addition, it promotes interdisciplinary approaches between economics and engineering, strengthening the technical capacity to address macroeconomic problems in contexts of high structural uncertainty.
Time series modeling of secondary school enrollment in Ecuador: a Box–Jenkins analysis (1971–2023)
School enrollment analysis constituted a key indicator to evaluate coverage and equity in national education systems. The objective of this study was to model secondary school enrollment in Ecuador during 1971–2023 using time series techniques. Official national and international data were employed to construct an annual net enrollment series. The methodological procedure included descriptive analysis, stationarity tests (ADF and KPSS), first-order differencing, identification and estimation of candidate models through the Box–Jenkins approach, optimal selection with auto.arima, residual validation via Ljung–Box tests, out-of-sample error metrics (MAE, RMSE, MAPE), and forecasts for 5–10 years. All processing was performed in R Studio with specialized time series modeling packages. The results showed that after first-order differencing, the series achieved stationarity. The selected model adequately explained enrollment dynamics, with residuals consistent with white noise and without significant autocorrelations. Validation metrics indicated good predictive accuracy, with low mean absolute and percentage errors. Projections suggested a moderate and sustained growth trend in enrollment, though with signs of stabilization in the longer horizon. This study demonstrated the usefulness of Box–Jenkins models for analyzing educational phenomena, providing quantitative evidence for public policy formulation and recommending the expansion of more complete historical datasets in future research.
Elaboration of Vienna-type Sausage from Jumbo squid pulp (Dosidicus gigas)
The jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) is an abundant and nutritious marine resource with the potential to diversify the food industry through value-added products. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of producing a vienna-type sausage using jumbo squid pulp, optimizing its formulation and sensory acceptability. Three formulations with 5%, 8%, and 10% starch were developed. The process included conditioning, leaching, grinding, homogenization, stuffing, blanching, cooling, and refrigeration. Acceptability was evaluated by a panel of 30 untrained judges using the Friedman test. Chemical-nutritional and microbiological analyses were conducted to determine the product’s nutritional value and safety. The formulation with 8% starch received the highest acceptance in flavor, appearance, and texture. The optimal processing parameters were: emulsification at 10 °C, cooking at 70 °C for 23 min, and cooling at 2–4 °C for 5 min, resulting in energy savings compared to other formulations. Per 100 g, the product contained 17.4 g protein, 1.2 g fat, 1.3 g carbohydrates, and 125 Kcal, with lower fat and calorie content than the control sausage. Microbiological analyses confirmed its safety, showing low aerobic counts and absence of pathogens. The production of Vienna-type sausage based on jumbo squid pulp proved viable, offering nutritional, sensory, and sanitary, advantages for the diversification of fishery products.
Thermo-hydraulic design of a shell and tube heat exchanger for acrylic acid cooling.
Shell and tube heat exchangers (STHE) in their various manifestations are undoubtedly the most widely and commonly used heat transfer equipment in the chemical processing industries. The objective of the present work is to design, from the thermo-hydraulic point of view, a 1-2 STHE to cool 50,000 kg/h of an acrylic acid stream from 97 to 40 ºC using water as coolant at an inlet temperature of 25 ºC. The proposed STHE will present a heat transfer area of 284.29 m2, an overall heat transfer coefficient of 364.26 W/m2.K, a number of tubes of 702, a bundle diameter of 975.62 mm, and a shell diameter of 1,047.62 mm. The selected type of STHE is split-ring floating head, the heat load has a value of 1,733.59 kW, it will be required 20.74 kg/s (74,664 kg/h) of cooling water to carry out the heat transfer service, while the values of the pressure drop of both the water (402.54 Pa) and the acrylic acid (2,479.27 Pa) are below the maximum allowable limits set by the heat exchange process, which are 1,000 Pa and 3,000 Pa for the water and acrylic acid, respectively. The designed STHE will has a purchase cost of USD $ 101,209.
Assessment of occupational risks in the Ecuadorian dairy industry.
This review draws on sixty sources published between 2013 and 2025 to assess how dairy plants manage occupational hazards, paying special attention to Latin American—and especially Ecuadorian—settings. Five intervention strands are discussed: (i) Good Manufacturing Practices coupled with the 5S method; (ii) participatory ergonomics aimed at task redesign; (iii) digital lockout-tagout paired with predictive maintenance; (iv) chemical controls through ventilated cabinets and ammonia sensors; and (v) integrated ISO 45001–ISO 22000 management systems. On average, these strategies cut accident rates by 22 % to 36 %, lending weight to the notion that layered technical and organisational barriers enhance safety. Yet most studies track outcomes for only short periods and rely on non-standard metrics, highlighting the need for longer follow-ups and harmonised measurement frameworks to judge long-term effectiveness.
Thermo-hydraulic design of a gasketed-plate heat exchanger for liquid cow’s milk cooling
Plate heat exchangers offer greater compactness compared to tubular exchangers. The plate configuration enhances heat exchange by creating an extensive and fully compact area that allows for the efficient heat transfer between two fluids. The present paper aims to design, from the thermo-hydraulic point of view, a gasketed-plate heat exchanger to cool down a stream of hot liquid cow’s milk using chilled water as coolant. Several important parameters were determined such as the total number of plates (3), the heat load (163.79 kW), the required mass flowrate of chilled water (5,638 kg/h), the required surface area (2.21 m2) and the overall heat transfer coefficient calculated (2,194.06 W/m2.K). Likewise, the values of the pressure drops for the water (48,558 Pa) and milk (14,720 Pa) streams are below the maximum permissible values set by the process. The designed plate heat exchanger will cost USD $ 2,692 and can be successfully implemented in this heat transfer service from the thermo-hydraulic perspective.
Application of production strategies to replace internal combustion engines with electric motors in ASOMUNUE, Mariscal Sucre parish, Milagro, Ecuador.
The transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources has become a priority in various sectors, especially in agriculture, where internal combustion engines play an important role in irrigation operations. These engines, while functional and widely used, generate significant greenhouse gas emissions and rely on fossil fuels, thus contributing to global warming and environmental degradation. In this context, replacing these engines with electric systems connected to distribution networks with transformers offers an innovative and environmentally responsible solution. This article analyzes the technical and economic aspects of this transition, highlighting the benefits that include a notable reduction in carbon emissions, lower long-term operational costs, and decreased noise pollution. Additionally, it addresses the associated challenges, such as the need to install adequate electrical infrastructure, ensure energy supply stability in rural areas, and adapt irrigation systems to the new motors. This approach not only promotes eco-efficiency but also strengthens agriculture’s commitment to sustainable development.
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Application of non-automated Lean strategies for quality improvement in manual assembly processes: a case study in the white goods industry.
Quality management in manual manufacturing processes represents a recurrent challenge in industrial plants without automation, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze and reduce defects in the assembly area of a domestic cookstove factory through non-automated improvement strategies. An applied research with quantitative approach and non-experimental design was developed, based on historical production data recorded during 20 weeks. Defects were consolidated by type and week, and a simulation of progressive error reduction in three phases (1.5 %, 2 %, 3-4 %) was applied. Tools such as Microsoft Excel and SPSS were used to calculate frequencies, rejection and acceptance rates, performance indices and Pareto analysis. Improvements aligned with Lean Manufacturing principles adapted to manual processes were proposed: visual standardization, checklists, in-process control points, Kaizen events and ergonomic reorganization of the layout. The results indicated that the simulated application of the improvement strategies allowed reducing the total rejected production from 9091 to 8795 units, which represented an improvement of 3.25 %. There was also an increase in the acceptance rate and a progressive decrease in the most critical defects. Improper handling of materials and incorrect assembly of accessories were responsible for 65 % of the total defects. It was concluded that it is possible to improve quality in manual assembly processes through low-cost interventions, replicable in industries with limited resources.
Comprehensive Ergonomic Proposal for the Reduction of Musculoskeletal Risks in Soap Production: An Approach Based on Statistical Analysis and Postural Evaluation
In the soap production industry, workers face significant ergonomic risks due to repetitive tasks, load handling and forced postures, which can cause musculoskeletal injuries, fatigue and stress, affecting health and productivity. The objective of the research was to design a comprehensive ergonomic proposal to improve physical conditions and reduce ergonomic risks in the soap production line by identifying risks and developing practical solutions based on a comprehensive analysis. An initial diagnosis was made through ergonomic surveys and on-site observations. Responses were analyzed using standardized postural assessment methods and statistical tests (chi-square, Cramer's V, Lambda). The main ergonomic risks were identified and recommendations and practical solutions were formulated. The results showed that 67% of the workers reported maintaining forced neck postures for more than 2 continuous hours, and 58% of the trunk postures. Forty-two percent perform repetitive movements of the arms and wrists for more than 4 continuous hours, and 33% manually handle loads of more than 25 kg. In addition, 17% are exposed to vibrations and 25% to extreme temperatures. Lack of ergonomics training was reported by 100% of the workers. Statistical analyses revealed significant associations between ergonomic variables, providing a solid basis for the formulation of improvement proposals. The research confirmed the high prevalence of ergonomic risks in soap production, underlining the need for proactive ergonomic interventions to improve workers' health and productivity.
Thermo-hydraulic design of a finned tube double-pipe heat exchanger for acetone cooling.
Finned tube double-pipe counter-flow heat exchangers are considered very effective, valuable and advantageous in the heat transfer industry. In the present paper a finned tube double pipe heat exchanger was designed applying a well-known design methodology, in order to cool down 2 kg/s of an acetone stream from 90 ºC to 30 ºC using chilled water available at 5 ºC. Several important design parameters were determined like the cleanliness factor and the number of hairpins, as well as the pressure drop and pumping power of both streams, among others. The heat load had a value of 276,030 W, while a mass flowrate of chilled water of 3.30 kg/s will be needed to cool the acetone stream. Both fluids will flow under turbulent regime inside the heat exchanger. The value of the cleanliness factor was 0.359, and about three hairpins will be needed. The pressure drop of both fluids are below the maximum value established by the heat exchange service, while the chilled water and acetone streams will need a pumping power of 3,662 W and 575 W, respectively.
Thermo-hydraulic design of a multi-tube heat exchanger for methanol heating.
A type of heat exchanger that has gained adequate attention owing to its simplicity, robustness and extensive variety of applications is the multi-tube heat exchanger. In the present work a multi-tube heat exchanger was designed form the thermo-hydraulic point of view, in order to heat a methanol stream to 60 ºC using water condensate as the heat transfer agent. To design this equipment, a classical, well known calculation methodology was employed, where several important design parameters were calculated such as the overall heat transfer coefficient (575.17 W/m2.K), the required heat exchange area (2.025 m2) and the Log Mean Temperature Difference (38.02 ºC). The calculated pressure drop values of the methanol and water streams were 3,257.66 Pa and 752.88 Pa, respectively, which are lower than the maximum limits set by the heat exchange service for both streams. The designed multi-tube heat exchanger will present a total length of 5.76 m.
Analysis of the calorific value of pellets and briquettes in the use of the pseudostem of Banana (Musa paradisiaca)
Solid biofuels belong to the second generation according to the type of biomass obtained from agricultural, forestry, and industrial wastes, such as banana pseudostem, which is a lignocellulosic biomass that can be used as an alternative for the generation of renewable energy in the form of pellets and briquettes due to its energetic properties. The study aims to determine the calorific value efficiency of solid biofuels based on Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) pseudostem. The study methodology was divided into three parts: (1) obtaining and conditioning of biomass, (2) elaboration of solid biofuels, and (3) physical, proximal, and energy potential analysis of biomass and the respective ANOVA of pellets and briquettes. A high calorific value was found for the compositions 55-45% in pellet with 22,657 MJ/kg and 50-50% in briquette with 22,680 MJ/kg, complying with the parameters established in the ENplus and NTC 2060 standards, respectively.
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Implementation of gastrodiplomacy as a strategic axis of tourism development and contribution to the cultural dissemination of Ecuador
La gastrodiplomacia se refiere a las estrategias ejecutadas por una nación para difundir la cultura gastronómica en el extranjero, para dar a conocer la cultura a través de los sabores del territorio a través de la gastronomía. En Ecuador, la implementación de la gastrodiplomacia simboliza una alternativa viable a llevar a cabo como eje estratégico con miras al desarrollo turístico y al aporte a la difusión cultural de la diversidad de productos y gastronomía ecuatoriana. El propósito de este estudio fue plantear la aplicación de la gastrodiplomacia como estrategia de implementación por parte de la autoridad nacional como pilar del desarrollo turístico en el Ecuador. La metodología de investigación aplicada en el presente estudio es de carácter exploratorio con un enfoque cualitativo, dado que se utiliza como método el relevamiento bibliográfico correspondiente a la gastrodiplomacia y su incidencia en la difusión cultural de un país; y el uso del método Delphi para validar las estrategias propuestas por expertos en la materia. Los resultados de esta investigación reflejan la viabilidad de implementar la Gastrodiplomacia como eje estratégico de desarrollo turístico por parte de las entidades competentes debido al alto impacto en la difusión cultural internacional del Ecuador; dado que se han estudiado casos de éxito en países de Asia y América, lo cual es aplicable en nuestro país. En conclusión, la representativa diversidad gastronómica de nuestro país que nos caracteriza por tener cuatro regiones marcadas: Costa, Sierra, Amazonía y Galápagos muestra multiculturalidad incluso en nuestros productos y gastronomía valorada internacionalmente.
Thermo-hydraulic design of a helical coil heat exchanger for ethanol cooling
La configuración de serpentín helicoidal es muy efectiva para los intercambiadores de calor porque pueden acomodar una gran área de transferencia de calor en un espacio pequeño, lo que resulta en altos coeficientes de transferencia de calor. Este artículo trata sobre el diseño termohidráulico de un intercambiador de calor de serpentín helicoidal para enfriar una corriente de etanol proveniente de la parte superior de una columna de rectificación, mediante el uso de una metodología de cálculo clásica y conocida. Se determinaron varios parámetros, como el coeficiente de transferencia de calor global (65,88 W/m2. K); la superficie total en espiral (10,75m2); el número real de vueltas de la bobina (91) y la altura del cilindro (4,12 m). Los valores de la caída de presión fueron de 290.344 Pa y 0,097 Pa respectivamente, que están por debajo de los límites establecidos por el proceso de intercambio de calor. La potencia de bombeo requerida para la corriente de agua enfriada (fluido del lado del serpentín) fue de 375,21 W, mientras que la potencia de bombeo requerida para la corriente de etanol puede considerarse insignificante.
Evaluation and Proposal for an Environmental Management System in a Mango Plantation
Una finca de mango en la provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador, carecía de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental (SGA) y tenía un manejo rudimentario de fertilizantes, pesticidas y desechos. El objetivo de la investigación fue diseñar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 para la granja con el fin de mejorar su desempeño ambiental y facilitar el cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se aplicaron encuestas a los trabajadores para evaluar sus conocimientos sobre manejo ambiental y se realizó un recorrido por las instalaciones de la hacienda para observar sus procesos. Se analizaron los resultados y se propuso un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015. Como resultado, se encontró que la mayoría de los trabajadores no tenían conocimientos de gestión ambiental. La granja no contaba con un SGA y se enfrentaba a retos en la gestión del agua y la gestión de residuos. La propuesta de implantar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 permitiría a la granja mejorar su comportamiento medioambiental y cumplir sus objetivos de certificación a medio plazo. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que la propuesta de implementar un SGA basado en la norma ISO 14001:2015 permitiría a la granja mejorar su desempeño ambiental y cumplir con sus objetivos de certificación a mediano plazo.
Purification and characterization of reagent grade NaCl obtained from Crucita seawater
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar y aplicar los procesos para obtener cloruro de sodio (NaCl) en una muestra de agua de mar en forma de Crucita-Manabí y llevarla a una mayor pureza de acuerdo con las normas de la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos (USP). La USP establece estándares y especificaciones de calidad para una amplia gama de productos farmacéuticos, químicos y sanitarios. Por lo tanto, la investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas: la primera correspondió a la purificación del NaCl a través de la recopilación de información de fuentes bibliográficas que permitieron indagar en los diferentes procesos industriales y artesanales para la purificación del NaCl, a través de esta investigación se pudo determinar que para llevar a cabo este proceso se aplicaron técnicas de separación, cristalización, destilación y filtración que permiten la eliminación de impurezas presentes en el muestra. La segunda etapa correspondió al análisis establecido a partir de los resultados obtenidos en el proceso de purificación; Por lo tanto, era fundamental evaluar las condiciones que permitían eliminar las impurezas presentes, por lo que era necesario realizar pruebas físicas y químicas para determinar el porcentaje de pureza del producto final. Finalmente, la tercera etapa consistió en analizar el producto final para establecer si cumplía con el objetivo propuesto en base a la normativa USP sobre NaCl.
Thermo-hydraulic design of a horizontal shell and tube condenser for methanol condensation
Los condensadores de carcasa y tubos se consideran una parte importante de los sistemas de refrigeración y de las centrales eléctricas, así como de otras aplicaciones petroquímicas en las que se suelen emplear los intercambiadores de calor. Este artículo presenta el diseño termohidráulico de un intercambiador de calor de carcasa y tubos horizontales de dos pasos de tubo (1-2) para condensar una corriente de vapores de metanol puro utilizando agua fría como refrigerante. Se calcularon varios parámetros de diseño como el área de transferencia de calor (119,33 m2); el número de tubos (285); el diámetro interno de la carcasa (800,56 mm) y el coeficiente de transferencia de calor global (618,47 W/m2. K). El calor calculado para este servicio de intercambio de calor fue de 8.272,5 kW, mientras que el caudal requerido para el agua enfriada fue de 151,59 kg/s. Las caídas de presión calculadas para las corrientes de metanol de condensación y agua enfriada fueron de 7.372,55 Pa y 84.289,69 Pa respectivamente, que están por debajo de los valores límite máximos establecidos por el proceso. El condensador de carcasa y tubo diseñado 1-2 era del tipo de cabeza flotante extraíble, con un corte de deflector del 45% y un espaciado de deflector igual al diámetro interno de la carcasa.
Feasibility study for the design of a wastewater treatment plant with effluent from the main rainwater canal No. 37 located in the Tarqui parish of Guayaquil canton
About 80 - 85% of the global pollution is a product of human activities; the pollution that the open rainwater canals in the north of Guayaquil, which collect effluents from 558 hectares and a channel of 8.64 km that starts in the upper part of the sector known as Flor de Bastión, to finally discharge into the Daule River. The channels are in a very poor state, with unhealthy conditions, bad odors, insect proliferation, loss of biodiversity, and siltation, the most affected being the receiving body, which casts doubt on the capacity of this body of water to purify itself over time. To evaluate the effluent, a sample was taken at the end of the concrete-lined open trapezoidal canal called "Canal No. 37", followed by its characterization in terms of physical and chemical parameters; it does not comply with the maximum permissible limits for discharge into a freshwater body, and the implementation of a wastewater treatment plant is considered a corrective solution.
Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparison of production costs and degree of pollution by emissions in the industrial sector of Ecuador using natural gas as fuel by means of process simulation
In this investigation, the comparison of industrial costs and the degree of pollution due to emissions generated using traditional fuels, especially diesel, which is the most used in the Ecuadorian industry against natural gas through a program of Open source chemical engineering called DWSIM for the simulation of the chemical combustion reactions of diesel and natural gas as energy generators in the production processes of the Industries, in which it was evidenced that getting the same amount of energy can be obtained reduce up to 22.46% of carbon dioxide emissions to the environment using natural gas, a variation in production costs was also determined, which is a function of indirect manufacturing costs since in this element of costs Total production of fuels is found thus saving 3.9296% per month used natural gas as a fuel generator against diesel as traditional fuel
Study of the energy potential of pelletized Ecuadorian rice husk for use as fuel
Through the present research work will be released a study of the possibilities of pelletization of Ecuadorian rice husk and its use as a biofuel, because Ecuador, its agroindustrial industry this waste is not used in its entirety for which it is proposed to the use as a source of energy of biological origin thus giving rise to a product called pellet, which could be evidenced in previous research the energy potential of the exclusive use of this rice husk biomass, for which, an improvement was proposed to this product by adding a binder such as cassava starch of biological origin in different proportions which are subjected to different analyzes and it was obtained that the best ratio is 70% rice husk and 30% starch giving optimum values ​​for their production.
Study of the chemical kinetics for obtaining biogas from organic wastes (non-citrus fruit residues and cattle manure) for the validation of the design and operation of an anaerobic didactic biodigester
This project is the assembly of three biodigesters (one with Agitation 43,10 L and two without it 3 L), the raw materials are the residues of non-citrus fruits (banana and papaya), inoculum and bovine manure previously homogenized and in different percentages of Concentration (manure-fruit ratio is 80:20). During the experimental phase, periodic measurements of control variables such as pH, chemical oxygen demand, temperature and solids content were carried out in the reactors. The rate of degradation is formulated as the generation of biogas in various conditions being hydrolysis the limiting stage of the process, we obtain an effluent rich in nitrogen and biogas with higher percentage in methane. The hydraulic residence time is of 24 days, based on the results of the experimental measurements and adjustments by the integral method by probing, it is obtained that the optimal mixture for the process is the mixture II, being a reaction of order n=1 and the kinetic constant is k=0,0781 d-1. The objective of the thesis project includes the study of the rate of degradation of non-citrus fruit residues and bovine manure with respect to a series of parameters mentioned above.
Elaboration and characterization of a battered food, Frozen from earberry (Solanum melongena).
The main drawback of the eggplant is the rapid oxidation caused by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), comes the need to raise awareness of the different properties that have this vegetable and benefits representing consume, its composition is 92% water, it contains minerals among them we can find abundant potassium, iodine and magnesium also has also has vitamin B1, vitamin C, thiamine, among others and phytonutrient as phytosterols and beta carotene. DPPH analysis of which showed a high content of flavonoids being most stands chlorogenic acid, which helps the removal of free radicals in the body was performed. The limiting factor for the development of this research was the production of this vegetable in Ecuador because they are small and sporadic crops near Canton Daule located in the province of Guayas.