Universidad de
Guayaquil
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
ISSN – p: 1390 –9428 / ISSN – e: 3028-8533 / INQUIDE / Vol. 06 / Nº 01
Facultad de
Ingeniería Química
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
Universidad de Guayaquil | Facultad de Ingeniería Química | Telf. +593 4229 2949 | Guayaquil – Ecuador
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
Email: inquide@ug.edu.ec | francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec
Pag. 26
Improvement of the productivity of "Caramelo variety" peanuts (Arachis
hypogaea) applying different doses of Evergreen biostimulant
Mejora de la productividad del maní “variedad Caramelo” (Arachis
hypogaea) aplicando diferentes dosis de bioestimulante Evergreen
Ámbar Yerely Macias Vera
1
; Álvaro Edmundo Saucedo Aguiar
2
; Angel Lázaro Sánchez Iznaga
3
* ; Edison Marcelo
Pazmiño Muñoz
4
; Luis Carlos Camacho Bustamante
5
Received: 08/29/2023 – Received in revised form: 10/25/2023 – Accepted: 12/08/2023 –
Published: 19/03/2024
Research
Articles
Review
Articles
Essay
Articles
X
* Author for correspondence.
Abstract:
The objective of the present investigation was to determine the increase in the productivity of the peanut crop "Caramelo variety" (Arachis hypogaea), through
the use of different doses of Evergreen biostimulant. The investigation was carried out in the Los Ríos province. In order to fulfill the proposed objectives, a
randomized complete block experimental design was carried out, with four treatments and four repetitions of 20 square meters each repetition, with a distance
of 4x5 m. For the collection of information, six agronomic variables were evaluated, which were taken from each repetition using a sample of 10 peanut plants,
and then these averaged data were subjected to ANOVA statistical analysis, and finally a Tukey test was applied to 95% of probability. The results showed
that treatment 4 (Evergreen 2 L/ha) had a better effect on the agronomic variables evaluated, where the highest plant height obtained was 32.3 cm, the number
of pods per plant was 42.20, the production per plant was 151.43 g/plant, the root length was 21.38 cm, the weight of 100 grains was 85.25 g and the highest
yield was 4,403.43 kg/ha.
Keywords: Productivity, doses, economic encome, increase, biostimulant.
Resumen:
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar el incremento de la productividad del cultivo de maní “variedad Caramelo” (Arachis hypogaea),
mediante el uso de diferentes dosis de bioestimulante Evergreen. La investigación fue realizada en la provincia de Los Ríos. Para el cumplimiento de los
objetivos propuestos se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de 20 metros cuadrados
cada repetición, con una distancia de 4x5 m. Para la recolección de la información fueron evaluados seis variables agronómicas, que se tomaron de cada
repetición utilizando una muestra de 10 plantas de maní, y luego estos datos promediados fueron sometidos análisis estadístico ANOVA, y finalmente se aplicó
una prueba de Tukey al 95% de probabilidad. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento 4 (Evergreen 2 L/ha) tuvo mejor efecto sobre las variables
agronómicas evaluadas, donde la mayor altura de planta obtenida fue 32,3 cm, y el número de vainas por planta fue 42,20.
Palabras clave: Productividad, dosis, ingresos económicos, incremento, bioestimulante.
1. Introduction
The peanut is an important source of vegetable oil and
protein in tropical and subtropical areas [1]. It is native to
South America from where it has spread to other countries.
In 2019, a production of 44,041,913 tonnes of peanuts was
reported, where China was the world's largest producer with
a production volume of 16,685,915 tonnes per year [2].
1
Instituto Superior Tecnológico Babahoyo; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6825-0177 ; maciasambar82@gmail.com, Babahoyo; Ecuador.
2
Instituto Superior Tecnológico Babahoyo; https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5636-4164 ; asaucedo@istb.edu.ec, Babahoyo; Ecuador.
3
Instituto Superior Tecnológico Babahoyo; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0729-8340 ; asanchez@istb.edu.ec, Babahoyo; Ecuador.
4
Instituto Superior Tecnológico Babahoyo; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3055-2227 ; epazmino@istb.edu.ec, Babahoyo; Ecuador.
5
Instituto Superior Tecnológico Babahoyo; https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1091-3819 ; lcamacho@istb.edu.ec, Babahoyo; Ecuador.
Peanut cultivation in Ecuador has been a family activity that
has not been adequately developed and therefore the average
annual yield does not exceed 1,000 kg/ha, which is not
enough to meet the needs of domestic consumption, causing
a deficit for the country's industry. [3].
In Ecuador, the main peanut plantations are concentrated in
the cantons of Portoviejo, Tosagua, Chone, twenty-four de
Mayo and part of Rocafuerte. In the country, 20,000 hectares
Universidad de
Guayaquil
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
ISSN – p: 1390 –9428 / ISSN – e: 3028-8533 / INQUIDE / Vol. 06 / Nº 01
Facultad de
Ingeniería Química
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
Universidad de Guayaquil | Facultad de Ingeniería Química | Telf. +593 4229 2949 | Guayaquil – Ecuador
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
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Pag. 27
are planted every year: 9,000 are in Manabí, 7,500 in Loja
and the rest in various parts of the country, especially where
Manabí farmers have emigrated [4].
Among the varieties of peanuts produced in Ecuador, the
Caramelo peanut (Arachis hypogea) is of South American
origin, as Spanish and Portuguese explorers found Indians
cultivating it on the northeast and east coasts of Brazil,
throughout the lowlands of the Rio de la Plata (Argentina,
Paraguay, Bolivia, extreme southwest of Brazil) and
intensively in Peru. From these regions the peanut was
spread to Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands;
eventually it spread to the United States, but the time and
place of its introduction is not documented [5].
The main characteristics of this variety are: creeping growth,
Days to flowering are between 33 and 36, days to harvest
between 130 and 140, Pods per plant are 14 to 28, Grams per
plant are 25 to 35, Grams per pod are at 2, Vaneage is 4 to
8%, Husk/seed ratio is between 25 and 35%, 100 kernel
weight is between 50 and 60, and average yield is 3341 kg
.
ha
-
1
[6] [7].
Agricultural inputs, known as agricultural biostimulants, are
used to improve crop production. These biostimulants
include various formulations of compounds, substances, and
other products, which are applied to plants or soils to regulate
and improve the physiological processes of the crop, making
them more efficient. Biostimulants act on plant physiology,
through different pathways than nutrients, in order to
improve crop vigor, increasing yield and crop quality [8].
For their part, [9], they argue that biostimulants are a tool
that can provide benefits such as reducing stress, improving
the quality of the harvested product, and providing greater
resistance to pests and diseases.
Plant biostimulants contain substances and/or
microorganisms whose function is to stimulate natural
processes to improve nutrient uptake, assimilation and
efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and crop quality [10].
For [11] biostimulants are micro-organisms designed to be
applied to plants or soils to increase crop vigor, improve the
quality of the resulting product or increase plant tolerance to
different types of abiotic stress (lack of water, soils with too
many salts, etc.)[12].
For the application of these biostimulants, they suggest the
combined application of two or more biostimulants because
they increase vegetative development more than when
applied individually [13].
For these purposes, the biostimulant Evergreen has been
used, for its application the following composition has been
recommended: Nitric nitrogen content 7.000%, assimilable
phosphorus (P2O5) 7.000%, soluble potassium (K2O)
7.000%, Cytokinins 90 ppm, Gibberellins 40 ppm, Auxins
40 ppm, Humic acid 3. 76%, Boron 0.0024%, Copper
0.0013%, Iron EDTA 0.050%, Manganese EDTA 0.018%,
Choline 750 ppb, Thiamine 50 ppb, Niacin 90 ppb,
Pantothenic Acid 12 ppb, Folic Acid 1 ppb, Nicotinamide 2
ppb and Riboflavin 1.5 ppb [14].
In view of the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate
the effect of the biostimulant Evergreen on the development
and production of the peanut crop "Caramelo variety"
(Arachis hypogaea L.a).
2. Materials and methods
The present research will be conducted in the province of Los
Ríos, and in order to fulfil the proposed objective, the
quantitative method will be used, and the experimental
design of randomised complete blocks will be used, with
four treatments and four replications (Table 1). For data
collection, six agronomic variables will be evaluated from
each replicate, using a sample of 10 plants. In the statistical
analysis of the treatment averages, the Tukey test will be
used at 95% probability [15].
Figure 1 shows the flow of the process used in the planning
and execution of the experimental activities [16].
Firstly, the management of the trial is conducted, where the
different tests to be conducted and the materials required are
planned, in order to guarantee that the expected results are
obtained. The productive variables selected for the
evaluation will be the dependent variables: "Plant height"
and "Pods per plant", and the independent variable is the
different doses of the Evergreen biostimulant.
To conduct the experiment, a total of four treatments and
four replicates each will be established. The treatments will
be: the control (T1) will not apply the product; the second
treatment (T2) consists of applying a dose of 0.5 L/ha of the
biostimulant; the third treatment will have a dose of 1 L/ha,
and the fourth treatment (T4) will have a dose of 2 L/ha of
the biostimulant.
Universidad de
Guayaquil
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
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ISSN – p: 1390 –9428 / ISSN – e: 3028-8533 / INQUIDE / Vol. 06 / Nº 01
Facultad de
Ingeniería Química
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
Universidad de Guayaquil | Facultad de Ingeniería Química | Telf. +593 4229 2949 | Guayaquil – Ecuador
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
Email: inquide@ug.edu.ec | francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec
Pag. 28
The establishment of the crop requires land preparation,
which will be conducted mechanized with the use of a
tractor.
Sowing of the crop will be done manually, and weed control
will be done manually and with a machete.
Phytosanitary control will be conducted with a 20-litre
manual knapsack sprayer, and harvesting will be conducted
manually.
For the evaluation of the data, a database will be created with
the results obtained in the experiment. The results will be
analyzed using a Tukey test at 95% probability, which will
compare the effect of each dose on the dependent variables
"plant height" and "pods per plant".
Figure 1. Process flow diagram of the process used for the
experiment.
Table 1 shows the different treatments, the dosage to be used
for each treatment and the time of application or stage of crop
development. The control treatment will serve as a reference
for the experiment and will be used for comparison with the
other treatments. The treatments will be applied during the
development and elongation phase of the crop,
corresponding to the beginning of flowering of the plant, due
to the high impact of this phase on agricultural productivity.
The doses of the biostimulant will be applied to the entire
leaf surface of the plant, with the aim of achieving product
coverage throughout the crop cycle.
Table 1. Treatments, biostimulant dose and time of
application in peanut crop.
Treatment
Dosage
L/ha
Time of application
T1
0 L
Control
T2
0,5 L
At development and elongation
beginning of flowering
T3
1,0 L
At development and elongation at start of
flowering
T4
2,0 L
At development and elongation at start of
flowering
Figure 2 shows the distribution of the planned treatments and
replicates in the experiment, in order to obtain the required
data [17].
In this study, a randomized complete block experimental
design was used, with four treatments and four replicates.
Tukey's test at 95% probability was used to compare the
averages of the treatments.
Universidad de
Guayaquil
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
ISSN – p: 1390 –9428 / ISSN – e: 3028-8533 / INQUIDE / Vol. 06 / Nº 01
Facultad de
Ingeniería Química
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
Universidad de Guayaquil | Facultad de Ingeniería Química | Telf. +593 4229 2949 | Guayaquil – Ecuador
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
Email: inquide@ug.edu.ec | francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec
Pag. 29
Figure 2. Distribution of treatments and field replicates for
the sowing of the peanut crop.
3. Results
Plant height
Regarding this variable, it can be seen that treatment 4
(Evergreen 2 L/ha) reached the greatest plant height (32.3
cm), being superior to the other treatments; however, the
control treatment was inferior to all the others, reaching 24.3
cm in stem height (Table 2).
The statistical analysis showed that there were statistical
differences with high significance at 99%, for treatment 4
with a dose of 2 L/ha with respect to treatment 1 (control)
with a dose of 0 L/ha. The coefficient of variation obtained
was 6.0%.
The results of this variable coincide with those reported by
who show that biostimulants improve the agronomic
characteristics of crops, increasing their yields. For his part,
he found that the use of biostimulants stimulates cell
elongation and increases the absorption of water and
nutrients from the soil, making them more resistant to attack
by pests and diseases, resulting in higher yields.
Table 2. Results of the measurement of the variable plant
height subjected to the Tukey 95% probability test.
Treatment
Description
Dosage
L/ha
Averages
1
Control
0
24,33 c
2
Evergreen biostimulant
0,5
28,10 b c
3
Evergreen biostimulant
1
31,68 a b
4
Evergreen biostimulant
2
32,30 a
CV
6,0
Average
29,1
Significance
**
Ns = No significance
* = Significance (95%)
** = High significance (99%)
Number of pods per plant
In table 3, it can be observed that treatment 4 (Evergreen 2
L/ha) reached the highest number of pods per plant, being
superior to the other treatments, as in the previous one, the
control treatment was inferior to all the other treatments.
The statistical analysis of the number of pods per plant
showed that there are statistical differences with high
significance at 99%, of treatment four (T4) with a dose of 2
L/ha with respect to treatment one (control) with a dose of 0
L/ha. The coefficient of variation obtained was 11.32%.
The results of this variable show a similar trend to those
obtained by [16], who found that biostimulants have a
positive effect on the agronomic characteristics of crops,
improving yields. These results also coincide with those
reported by [17], since the application of this type of
biostimulant increases the process of absorption of water and
nutrients from the soil and generates higher crop yields.
Table 3. Results of the measurement of the number of pods
per plant subjected to the Tukey 95% probability test.
Treatment
Description
Dosage
L/ha
Averages
I II III IV
4 m
5 m T4 1m T3 T2 T1
0,5 m
T1 T2 T4 T3
T3 T1 T4 T2
T2 T3 T1 T4
19 m
Tratamientos
Repeticiones
21,5m
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ISSN – p: 1390 –9428 / ISSN – e: 3028-8533 / INQUIDE / Vol. 06 / Nº 01
Facultad de
Ingeniería Química
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
Universidad de Guayaquil | Facultad de Ingeniería Química | Telf. +593 4229 2949 | Guayaquil – Ecuador
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Pag. 30
1
Control
0
27,65 b
2
Evergreen
biostimulant
0,5
33,48 a b
3
Evergreen
biostimulant
1
37,93 a
4
Evergreen
biostimulant
2
42,20 a
CV
11,32
Average
35,31
Significance
**
Ns = No significance
* = Significance (95%)
** = High significance (99%)
Discussion
Once the results of the doses of Evergreen biostimulant
applied were analysed, it was possible to confirm what was
stated by [11] in his research, where he stated that plant
biostimulants, regardless of their nutrient content, contain
substance(s), compound(s), and/or microorganisms, which
improve plant or rhizosphere development, vigour, yield
and/or quality, by stimulating natural processes that benefit
growth and responses to biotic stress.
In the research it was observed that the higher dose of
biostimulant gave better results, however, further research
will be needed to corroborate the findings of [13], [18], who
state that the use of the biostimulants Vitazyme, Bayfolan
Forte and Enerplant produced positive effects on the quality
and appearance of the fruits by producing peppers of greater
weight, diameter and length. These parameters demonstrated
better land use efficiency and better utilisation of the
nutrients applied.
4. Conclusions
• The variables evaluated plant height and number of
pods per plant showed significant statistical differences
at 99% with the application of treatment 4 (dose of 2
L/ha) with respect to the other treatments, showing its
effectiveness.
• The Evergreen biostimulant treatment at a dose of 2
L/ha achieved a plant height of 32.3 cm, higher than the
control treatment 0 L/ha (24.33 cm).
• The higher number of pods per plant indicated that the
application of Evergreen biostimulant at a dose of 2
L/ha allows to obtain up to 42.2 pods on each plant
compared to the control treatment 0 L/ha which
obtained (27.65).
5. Referencias
[1]
L. Manyavilca Ayme, Actividad antioxidante in vitro del aceite de
dos variedadesde Arachis hypogaea L.“maní”, Ayacucho,
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[2]
Anónimo1, «Principales países productores de maní,» 27 febrero
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[3]
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[5]
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Universidad de
Guayaquil
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
ISSN – p: 1390 –9428 / ISSN – e: 3028-8533 / INQUIDE / Vol. 06 / Nº 01
Facultad de
Ingeniería Química
Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo
Universidad de Guayaquil | Facultad de Ingeniería Química | Telf. +593 4229 2949 | Guayaquil – Ecuador
https://revistas.ug.edu.ec/index.php/iqd
Email: inquide@ug.edu.ec | francisco.duquea@ug.edu.ec
Pag. 31
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