Therapies
in pain management in patients with bruxism
1 Graduate, School of Dentistry.
Universidad de Guayaquil. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4243-5111
2 Master’s Degree in Education.
Specialist in Orthodontics. Professor, Universidad de Guayaquil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-1456
3 Specialist in Orthodontics.
Professor, Orthodontics Specialization Program, Universidad de Guayaquil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1158-0245
Correspondence to: william.ubillam@ug.edu.ec
Received: 18/12/2025 Accepted: 27/02/2026
ABSTRACT
Bruxism
is a highly prevalent clinical problem that causes persistent orofacial pain
and functional alterations, significantly affecting the quality of life of
adult patients. The central problem of this research focuses on the absence of
a comprehensive and clearly defined therapeutic approach that effectively
combines pharmacological, dental, and psychological therapies for pain
management in bruxism patients. Objective: to analyze the different therapies
available for the management of pain associated with bruxism, determining the
main dental alterations, describing the pharmacological alternatives,
identifying the dental treatments, and detailing the psychological therapies
applied. Materials and Methods: A qualitative, non-experimental, exploratory, and
documentary desing was developed, based on the review
and analysis of 84 scientific documents published between 2020 and 2025.
Results: Dental wear due to attrition, dentin sensitivity, and fissures are the
main dental alterations, with no direct relationship between the severity of
wear and the intensity of pain. Conclusion: Occlusal splints are the first line
of treatment at the dental level, pharmacological treatment plays a
complementary role, and psychological therapies, especially cognitive-behavioral
therapy and biofeedback, are essential for more effective and sustained pain
control. Therefore, the management of bruxism requires a multimodal,
interdisciplinary, and patient-centered approach.
Keywords:
Bruxism. Occlusal splints. Cognitive behavioral therapy. Biofeedback.
RESUMEN
El bruxismo constituye una
problemática clínica de alta prevalencia que genera dolor orofacial persistente
y alteraciones funcionales, afectando de manera significativa la calidad de
vida de los pacientes adultos. El problema central de esta investigación se
enfoca en la ausencia de un abordaje terapéutico integral y claramente definido
que articule de forma efectiva las terapias farmacológicas, dentarias y
psicológicas para el manejo del dolor en pacientes bruxistas.
Objetivo: analizar las diferentes terapias disponibles para el manejo del dolor
asociado al bruxismo, determinando las principales alteraciones dentarias,
describiendo las alternativas farmacológicas, identificando los tratamientos
odontológicos y detallando las terapias psicológicas aplicadas. Materiales y
Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa, no experimental,
exploratoria y documental, basada en la revisión y análisis de 42 documentos
científicos publicados entre 2020 y 2025. Resultados: el desgaste dental por
atrición, la sensibilidad dentinaria y las fisuras son las principales
alteraciones dentarias, sin una relación directa entre la severidad del
desgaste y la intensidad del dolor. Conclusión: las férulas oclusales
constituyen la primera línea de tratamientos a nivel dentario, el tratamiento
farmacológico cumple un rol complementario y las terapias psicológicas,
especialmente la terapia cognitivo-conductual y el biofeedback,
resultan fundamentales para un control más efectivo y sostenido del dolor. Por
lo tanto, el manejo del bruxismo requiere un enfoque multimodal,
interdisciplinario y centrado en el paciente.
Palabras Claves: Bruxismo. Férulas
oclusales. Terapia
cognitivo-conductual. Biofeedback
INTRODUCTION
Bruxism is a functional disorder of the stomatognathic
system characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth, occurring both
during wakefulness and sleep; therefore, it presents a multifactorial etiology (1).
In addition, its high prevalence and various repercussions have led to
increased scientific interest due to its direct impact on oral and general
health. Thus, this disorder is not only a parafunctional habit but a complex
condition involving neuromuscular, psychological, and occlusal factors, which
has driven the search for comprehensive therapeutic approaches, particularly
those aimed at controlling associated pain (2).
A report by the World Health Organization (3)
highlighted that nearly 50% of the global population suffers from some type of
oral disease, mostly associated with chronic conditions that are not treated in
a timely manner, including functional disorders such as bruxism. Consequently,
it not only affects the individual’s quality of life but also increases the
economic and social burden on healthcare systems, especially in settings where
access to specialized treatments is limited. Indeed, the importance of this
issue lies in recognizing that orofacial pain, tension-type headaches, dental
hypersensitivity, and temporomandibular disorders are frequent consequences in
patients with bruxism.
Arias et al. (4) identified stress, anxiety,
sleep disorders, and certain lifestyle habits as the main triggers or
perpetuating factors of bruxism, also considering them relevant risk factors in
adults. In this regard, Fuentes and Blásquez (5)
emphasize a direct relationship between anxiety and bruxism, demonstrating that
treatment and follow-up exclusively from a dental perspective are insufficient
to address persistent pain, which has encouraged the incorporation of
complementary therapies such as manual therapy.
Given the above, the issue requires a deeper analysis of the
real effectiveness of the various therapies used to control pain in patients
with bruxism, including occlusal splints, pharmacotherapy, physiotherapy, and
manual techniques. Since discrepancies persist regarding their individual and
combined efficacy, as well as the clinical criteria for their selection, a
multidisciplinary analysis is promoted. In cases such as sleep bruxism,
neurological and muscular aspects are involved that may prolong pain (6).
In this sense, the present study aims to develop an in-depth
analysis of the therapies used in pain management for patients with bruxism by
identifying their foundations, scope, and limitations, thus enabling optimal
clinical care. Likewise, it proposes the development of a solution based on a
comprehensive approach that considers not only symptomatic pain relief but also
the associated psychological and functional factors, thereby contributing to a
sustained improvement in the patient’s quality of life.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted under a qualitative approach, aimed
at a deep and interpretative understanding of the phenomenon studied. This
approach allowed for the analysis of how pharmacological, psychological, and
dental therapies have been addressed in the scientific literature for managing
pain associated with bruxism in adults, considering clinical contexts, reported
experiences, and therapeutic criteria described by different authors.
The study corresponded to a non-experimental, exploratory,
and documentary research design. The non-experimental design was based on the
absence of direct manipulation of variables, as the analysis was conducted
using previously published information. The exploratory nature allowed for an
approach to a topic that, although studied, presents diverse perspectives and
results regarding therapies specifically aimed at relieving bruxism-related
pain. Complementarily, documentary research was based on the systematic review
of scientific articles, academic theses, and specialized reviews, facilitating
the organization and comparison of existing knowledge.
It was also descriptive in nature, as it focused on
understanding and explaining, based on the review of recent scientific studies,
how bruxism manifests and which therapies are used to relieve pain through a
detailed and organized analysis of the available information.
The research used the PRISMA flow diagram for the search,
review, analysis, and selection of articles. A total of 74 articles were
initially considered, including original manuscripts, systematic reviews,
narrative reviews, clinical studies, meta-analyses, and academic theses, mainly
published between 2020 and 2025. These sources were obtained from indexed
scientific journals, specialized databases, university repositories, and
international organizations, ensuring the validity, timeliness, and relevance
of the analyzed information. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 42
articles with significant contributions to the research were selected. Figure
1.
Figure
1. Diagram of the article selection process. PRISMA analysis.
RESULTS
Main
Dental Alterations Associated with Bruxism
Bruxism is one of the oral parafunctions with the greatest
clinical impact on dental structures, especially when persistent and not
addressed in a timely manner. In this study, the analysis of dental alterations
allowed for understanding how the repetitive and involuntary activity of the
masticatory muscles generates progressive changes in dental integrity,
affecting not only enamel and dentin structure but also occlusal stability and
the functionality of the stomatognathic system.
The most frequent dental alterations observed in patients
with bruxism were mainly related to pathological tooth wear, dentin
hypersensitivity, fissures and microfractures, as well as changes in the
occlusal relationship. These alterations were more intense in posterior
sectors, particularly in premolars and molars, coinciding with areas of greater
functional load.
Likewise, the wear did not present uniformly but showed
patterns consistent with attrition, characterized by flat and polished
surfaces, suggesting prolonged and repetitive dental contact. In several cases,
this wear was accompanied by dentin exposure, explaining the sensitivity
reported by patients during clinical anamnesis.
Table 1. Main Dental Alterations Derived from Bruxism
Alteration
|
Observed Clinical Characteristics
|
Functional Impact
|
Dental wear (attrition)
|
Flat occlusal surfaces, loss of
cusp anatomy
|
Impaired masticatory efficiency
|
Dentin hypersensitivity
|
Pain in response to thermal or
mechanical stimuli
|
Functional limitation and
persistent discomfort
|
Fissures and microfractures
|
Fracture lines in enamel, mainly
in posterior teeth
|
Risk of major
fractures
|
Occlusal alterations
|
Changes in occlusal contacts and
anterior guidance
|
Muscular and joint overload
|
The findings
obtained make it possible to understand that bruxism generates a progressive
impact on dental integrity, manifested through structural changes that
compromise both the surface and functionality of the teeth. These alterations
reflect the constant action of non-physiological forces that exceed the tooth’s
natural protective mechanisms, favoring cumulative deterioration processes. The
preferential location of damage in posterior teeth suggests a direct
relationship with the magnitude of masticatory load exerted in these areas,
while the presence of sensitivity indicates involvement that goes beyond
structural damage and directly affects the patient’s pain experience.
Main Pharmacological Therapies Used
in Pain Management in Patients with Bruxism
Treatment
|
Method, Materials, and
Study Group
|
Key Results
|
Botulinum toxin type
A
|
Clinical trials in adults with
sleep bruxism. Application to masseter/temporalis muscles. 3–6 month follow-up.
Evaluation with polysomnography and EMG (7).
|
Decreases pain and bite force.
Improves sleep. Temporary effect (3–4 months).
|
Prospective study in 25 women
(24–67 years). Dose 30–95 U. Evaluation at 2 weeks and 4 months with
ultrasound and clinical assessment (8).
|
24% free of bruxism; 76% with
significant improvement. Reduced masseter thickness and pain. Mild side effects.
|
|
Systematic review (2015–2020) of
clinical trials in adults (9).
|
Reduces pain and episode
intensity. Limited evidence due to small samples and short follow-ups.
|
|
Low-dose tricyclic
antidepressants
|
Review 2019–2024 in orofacial
pain and TMD. Dose 10–25 mg/day (amitriptyline/nortriptyline) (10).
|
Reduces chronic pain and improves
sleep. Requires monitoring for adverse effects.
|
Experimental study in 64
patients. Comparison: splint, citalopram 10 mg, and amitriptyline 25 mg.
9-week follow-up (11).
|
All improved; amitriptyline
showed greater progressive pain reduction.
|
|
Fluoxetine-derived antidepressants (SSRIs)
|
Review 2014–2024 in patients
treated with fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, and other SSRIs (12).
|
Associated with onset or
worsening of bruxism as an adverse effect. Evidence inconclusive.
|
Case report: 22-year-old woman
with sertraline 50 mg/day. Bruxism at 4 weeks. Switched to bupropion XL (13).
|
Complete resolution in 3 weeks
after medication change. Confirms possible SSRI–bruxism relationship.
|
|
Benzodiazepines (Clonazepam)
|
Clinical trial in 21 adults with
sleep bruxism. 1 mg/day. Evaluated with polysomnography (14).
|
Significant reduction in
nocturnal episodes. Effective short term.
|
Clinical review in bruxism and
TMD associated with anxiety. Progressive nocturnal use (15).
|
Decreases muscle tension and
pain. Risk of dependence with prolonged use.
|
Main Dental Therapies Applied in Patients with Bruxism
The analysis of studies related to occlusal splints
shows that this treatment constitutes an effective conservative therapeutic
alternative for managing bruxism and its associated muscular and joint
manifestations. Results from different methodological designs, both clinical
and experimental, demonstrate a significant reduction in muscle hyperactivity,
temporomandibular joint pain, and parafunctional habits, as well as progressive
improvement in masticatory function and oral quality of life. However, the need
for periodic clinical follow-up and interdisciplinary management suggests that
its benefits largely depend on patient adherence and control of
psycho-emotional factors involved.
Regarding occlusal adjustment and orthodontic
treatment, findings suggest that correcting premature contacts and
discrepancies between centric relation and habitual occlusion promotes
mandibular stability, reduces functional interferences, and contributes to
decreased muscular and joint pain. Orthodontic treatments also show a tendency
to reduce symptoms associated with bruxism, although with possible transient
increases during initial adaptation phases. This variability indicates that
while structural intervention improves occlusal load distribution, its impact
on parafunctional behaviors may depend on treatment duration and individual
patient characteristics. The relevant aspects of the reviewed dental treatments
are summarized below:
Table 3. Dental Treatments
Treatment
|
Materials, Methods, and
Study Group Characteristics
|
Results
|
Occlusal splints
|
Case report. 62-year-old man with
bruxism, facial pain, and TMD. Comprehensive clinical evaluation and
deprogramming splint with follow-up and psychological support (16).
|
Reduced muscle hyperactivity and
TMJ pain. Functional improvement and greater comfort. Required interdisciplinary management.
|
Experimental study in 120 adults
with bruxism. 60 with splint vs. 60 without treatment. Clinical evaluation and follow-up (17).
|
Significant influence (p=0.010).
Reduced muscle pain (75%), joint pain (78.9%), and clinical signs. Functional improvement in treated group.
|
|
Occlusal adjustment
|
Case report. 23-year-old man with
bruxism and unilateral TMD. Selective grinding and anterior restoration. VAS evaluation (18).
|
Pain ↓ from VAS 7 to 1.
Correction of centric discrepancy and improved mandibular function.
|
Case report. 52-year-old man with
premature contact and mandibular displacement (1 mm frontal, 3 mm sagittal). Selective adjustment (19).
|
Elimination of interferences.
Correction of displacement (3 mm sagittal, 1 mm frontal). Decreased muscle pain.
|
|
Case report. 56-year-old man with
nocturnal bruxism. Phased oral rehabilitation + night guard (20).
|
Restored occlusal stability and
functional guidance. Reduced muscle hyperactivity. Reported restorative
survival rate: 97.7%.
|
|
Orthodontic treatment
|
Longitudinal study (2021–2022).
100 patients (18–45 years). Evaluation at 0, 3, and 6 months (21).
|
Initial bruxism 64%. Clenching ↓
34% to 9%. Muscle pain ↓ 31% to 6%. TMJ pain ↓ 22% to 0%. Significant reduction (p=0.0001).
|
Prospective study in 32 adults with
aligners. Behavioral monitoring in three phases (22).
|
No significant differences in
awake bruxism. Aligner use does not modify short-term frequency.
|
Main Psychological Therapies Applied in Pain
Management in Patients with Bruxism
The analysis of studies focused on cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT) shows that its incorporation into the management of
temporomandibular disorders not only reduces pain perception but also improves
mandibular functionality and the way patients cope with their condition in
daily life. Reported evidence indicates that when this intervention is
integrated with conventional treatments, clinical outcomes are enhanced,
achieving significant reductions in both pain intensity and functional
disability, suggesting sustained effects beyond the short term. In contrast, results associated with
biofeedback reflect a more focused effect on modifying behavioral patterns
linked to awake bruxism, especially in reducing muscle activity recorded
through electromyography. However, this improvement does not necessarily
translate into significant changes in clinical variables such as facial pain,
functional limitation, or emotional status. This suggests that although
biofeedback may be useful as a complementary strategy, its therapeutic scope
may be limited if not combined with interventions targeting the psychological
components of the disorder.
Table
4. Psychological Treatments
|
Treatment |
Materials, Methods, and Study Group Characteristics |
Results |
|
Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
Systematic review (9 RCTs, adults with TMD).
Programs 4–8 sessions, alone or combined. Follow-up
up to 12 months (23). |
↓ pain ≈45% (similar to splint 48%). With
amitriptyline ↓ ≈55%. Mouth opening ↑ 35→43 mm (p<0.05). Stable medium-
and long-term effects. |
|
RCT (n=41). CBT + app vs conventional treatment (~6
weeks) (24). |
↓ VAS pain −3.3 vs −1.5 (p≈0.008). ↓ tender points
−5.8 vs −1.8 (p=0.008). Mouth
opening ↑ +3.5 mm (p=0.042). No changes
in stress. |
|
|
Biofeedback |
Systematic review (69 adults). Portable EMG with
auditory/visual signal (25). |
↓ tonic and phasic daytime and nighttime events
(p≤0.04). No clear evidence in pain or quality of life. |
|
Single-blind RCT (60 adults; 6-month follow-up). 4
weekly 10-min sessions with EMG on masseter + mobile monitoring (26). |
↓ sustained dental contact (p=0.004) and ↓ overall
awake bruxism behavior (p=0.008). No significant changes in pain, anxiety, or
disability (p>0.05). Greater behavioral than clinical effect. |
DISCUSSION
The findings
obtained in this research confirm that bruxism represents a multifactorial
condition with structural, functional, and psycho-emotional repercussions that
largely coincide with what has been described in recent literature. Regarding
dental alterations, the predominance of attrition wear, dentin
hypersensitivity, and fissures in posterior sectors is consistent with Sánchez
et al. (1) and Aliberas et al. (7),
who describe bruxism as one of the main causes of progressive enamel
deterioration and loss of cusp anatomy. The preferential location in molars and
premolars also aligns with Oyarzoa et al. (6),
who highlight that the greatest functional loads fall on these teeth, favoring
the occurrence of repetitive traumatic contacts.
Likewise, the
results are consistent with the epidemiological data reported by Alcolea & Mkhitaryan (8) and Stanisic et al. (27), who demonstrate
significant prevalence in both sleep bruxism and awake bruxism, helping to
explain the magnitude of the clinical impact observed. In this regard, the
presence of sensitivity associated with dentin exposure reinforces what was
reported by Moreno et al. (28), who link progressive wear with
muscle pain and concomitant temporomandibular disorders. Similarly, the conceptual
update proposed by Verhoeff et al. (29)
supports the current interpretation of bruxism as a masticatory behavior that
is not always pathological in itself, but may become harmful when it exceeds
the adaptive capacity of the stomatognathic system, a situation evidenced in
the analyzed cases.
Regarding
pharmacological therapies, the results on botulinum toxin type A clearly
coincide with the studies by Balanta et al. (30) and Marcos et al. (9),
who report a significant reduction in pain and bite force after application to
the masseter and temporalis muscles. The temporary nature of the therapeutic
effect, approximately three to four months, also aligns with what was described
by Tomás et al. (7) and comparative trials that highlight its
usefulness as a symptomatic rather than curative alternative. In contrast,
although benefits in pain reduction are consistent, some authors, such as Minakuchi et al. (31) warn, that the evidence
still presents methodological heterogeneity, an aspect also observed in the
reviewed studies.
With respect to
low-dose tricyclic antidepressants, particularly amitriptyline, the results are
consistent with those reported by Brakus et al. (11)
and de Sousa et al. (12), who demonstrate a significant reduction in
chronic pain associated with temporomandibular disorders. The improvement in
quality of life and functionality reported in these trials supports the
analgesic usefulness of these drugs in the context of persistent orofacial
pain. However, the recommendations for rational use described by Romero et al. (10)
and the pharmacological guidelines indicated by Zumba et al. (32)
agree on the need for monitoring due to possible adverse effects, especially
anticholinergic and cardiovascular effects.
In contrast,
findings related to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) show a
different perspective. Fernandes et al. (33) and Cliatt
et al. (13) describe the association between SSRIs and the onset or
exacerbation of bruxism as a side effect, which fully coincides with the
analyzed results. This evidence presents an important contrast with the use of
tricyclics, as while the latter show a favorable analgesic effect, SSRIs may
aggravate the parafunction, possibly due to alterations in dopaminergic
modulation. This aspect reinforces the need for an individualized
pharmacological approach. Regarding clonazepam, the results are consistent with
De Baat et al. (14), who report short-term reduction of nocturnal
bruxism episodes. However, as noted by Dal Fabbro et
al. (15), its effectiveness is limited to symptomatic control, with
a potential risk of dependence in prolonged treatments. This consistency among
studies supports the interpretation that benzodiazepines should be considered
as a temporary alternative under strict supervision.
At the dental
level, the use of occlusal splints demonstrated a significant reduction in
muscle pain and functional improvement, results consistent with the reviews by
Freire et al. (34) and the clinical analyses by Góra et al. (35).
The improvement in muscular signs and symptoms observed is also related to what
was described by Ponce (17) and Santamaría (36), who
emphasize their conservative nature and effectiveness when adequate adherence
exists. Furthermore, the comparative trial by Chisini
et al. (37) supports that both splints and botulinum toxin can
reduce muscle pain, although through different mechanisms. Regarding occlusal
adjustment, the clinical findings are consistent with Morales (18)
and Garcia et al. (19), who describe the importance of
reestablishing a stable centric relation and eliminating functional
interferences. However, Gallardo and Ascanio (38) warn that occlusal
management should be evidence-based rather than grounded in traditional
mechanistic concepts, which aligns with the need to individualize each case.
Similarly, Aldowish et al. (39) highlight
the relevance of occlusion in restorative longevity, reinforcing the preventive
value of properly indicated adjustment.
In orthodontic
treatment, the results showed a progressive reduction in symptoms, although
with transient increases during initial phases, a finding consistent with the
variability described in recent longitudinal studies. This suggests that load
redistribution may improve functional stability but does not directly address
the behavioral component of bruxism.
In the
psychological domain, the results show strong agreement with Nagi et al. (40) and Hasani et al. (41),
who demonstrate that cognitive behavioral therapy significantly reduces pain
and functional disability. The magnitude of reduction reported in some studies,
close to or exceeding 50%, supports the value of integrating psychological
interventions into comprehensive management. In contrast, although biofeedback
showed a decrease in electromyographic activity, as reported by Viera et al. (42)
and Foscaldo et al. (26), its impact on
pain and emotional variables was limited, consistent with its classification as
low-to-moderate evidence.
Among the main
limitations of the study is the reliance on secondary evidence and the
methodological heterogeneity of the analyzed works, which makes it difficult to
establish definitive conclusions regarding the comparative effectiveness of
therapies. Likewise, the clinical interaction between different therapeutic
approaches was not jointly evaluated. Future research should incorporate
longitudinal designs, controlled clinical samples, and comprehensive
assessments that include psychological, dental, and functional variables in
order to strengthen clinical decision-making and optimize pain management in
patients with bruxism.
CONCLUSIONS
Bruxism is
confirmed as a multifactorial oral parafunction with clinical impact that
extends beyond the dental domain, involving muscular, functional, and
psycho-emotional components. The results show that its sustained presence
generates progressive structural alterations, mainly dental attrition wear,
dentin hypersensitivity, and fissures, with greater involvement of posterior
teeth, compromising masticatory efficiency and the functionality of the
stomatognathic system.
It was
determined that the severity of dental wear does not maintain a proportional
relationship with pain intensity, demonstrating that pain associated with
bruxism responds to more complex mechanisms than structural loss alone,
including muscle hyperactivity and central pain modulation. Pharmacological
management showed clinical usefulness mainly as a complementary therapy,
highlighting botulinum toxin type A in severe cases for its effectiveness in
reducing muscle hyperactivity and pain, although with a temporary effect. Other
drugs showed variable benefits and limitations associated with adverse effects,
restricting their prolonged use.
Dental
therapies, especially occlusal splints, are consolidated as first-line
management for protecting dental structures and providing symptomatic pain
relief. However, their results are greater when integrated with educational and
self-regulation strategies, confirming their functional rather than curative
role.
Psychological
therapies, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy and biofeedback,
contribute significantly to pain management in patients with bruxism by
addressing behavioral and neurophysiological factors that perpetuate the
parafunction, strengthening a comprehensive therapeutic approach. In this
sense, it´s important the need for a multimodal and interdisciplinary approach
to bruxism, with direct implications for clinical practice and for promoting
preventive strategies aimed at improving patient quality of life and reducing
the progression of dental damage.
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CONTRIBUTION
STATEMENT
«Conceptualización y diseño: Medina, Melania y Ubilla William; Revisión
bibliográfica: Medina, Melania y Moreira, Tanya; Metodología y
validación: Ubilla, William; Análisis formal: Ubilla, William y
Moreira, Tanya; Investigación y recopilación de datos: Medina, Melania; Recursos:
No aplica; Análisis e interpretación de datos: Ubilla, William y
Moreira, Tanya; Redacción: preparación del borrador original: Medina,
Melania; Redacción: revisión y edición: Ubilla William; Supervisión:
Moreira Tanya; Administración del proyecto: No aplica; Obtención de
financiación: No aplica».
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest during the conduct of this research work. Furthermore, it was
submitted solely to the Scientific Journal “Especialidades
Odontológicas UG” for review and publication.
FUNDING
The authors state that personal funds were used for
the preparation of this research work.
COPYRIGHT
HOW TO CITE
Medina Moreno M, Ubilla Mazzini W, Moreira Campuzano T. Therapies for pain management in patients with
bruxism. Revista Científica Especialidades
Odontológicas UG. 2026;9(1):29-37