EASI: Engineering and Applied Sciences in Industry
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description: The EASI Scientific Journal: Engineering and Applied Sciences in Industry is a digital and print publication dedicated to disseminating original scientific research in the fields of engineering sciences and business management within the industrial context. The journal is edited and managed by the Faculty of Industrial Engineering at the University of Guayaquil and is published on a biannual basis. It holds the identifiers e-ISSN: 2953-6634 and p-ISSN: 3073-1526. The journal operates under a no Article Processing Charges (APC) policy, meaning that authors are not required to pay any fees for submission, processing, or publication. EASI is indexed in Latindex catálogo 2.0, Amelica, LivRe, Periódica, Google Académico, Miar , Dialnet and Road.
publisher: Universidad de Guayaquil
language: en
publication name: EASI: Engineering and Applied Sciences in Industry
issn: 3073-1526
copyright: Contributions published in the EASI journal follow the open access license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0). This license empowers you as an author and ensures wide dissemination of your research while still protecting your rights. For authors: Authors retain copyrights without restrictions according to CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. The journal obtains a license to publish the first original manuscript. For readers/users: Free access and distribution: Anyone can access, download, copy, print, and share the published article freely according to the license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 terms. Attribution required: If any third party use the published material, they must give credit to the creator by providing the name, article title, and journal name, ensuring the intellectual property of the author(s), and helping to build the scholarly reputation. Non-commercial use: only noncommercial use of the published work is permitted. Noncommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation by any third party. No modifications allowed: The content of the published article cannot be changed, remixed, or rebuilt upon the author’s work. This ensures the integrity and accuracy of the research findings.
items: EASI: Volume 5, Issue 1. [Regular issue]
items: Software Engineering Framework for User Experience and Interaction Mechanics in Web Based Systems: A Systematic Literature Review
items: Portable Non-Invasive Rapid-Response Optical Device for the Detection of Pesticide Residues in Quinoa Using Reflectance Spectrometry
items: Conceptual Model for Intelligent Urban Traffic Management Integrating MaxPressure and Industry 4.0 Technologies
items: Validation of the Foaming Capacity of Quinoa Saponin for Sustainable Fire Extinguishers within the Circular Economy Framework
items: Evolution of Scientific Knowledge on the Thermodynamics of the Otto Cycle in Internal Combustion Engines
items: Biotechnological Applications of Graphene Derivatives: Bibliometric Evaluation and Emerging Trends
items: Service Quality Evaluation in Electronic Invoicing: Sentiment Analysis of Customer Behavior
items: Challenges and Opportunities of Artisanal Female Entrepreneurship in Guayaquil, Ecuador and Its Sustainable Impact
items: Probabilistic Model of Industrial Motor Reliability as a Function of Lubricant Degradation: A Case Study MDU-01 Motor Hyundai H21/32
items: EASI: Volume 4, Issue 2. [Special issue]
items: Factorial design for selecting an emotion recognition model using artificial intelligence
items: Development of a Jetson Nano drone for monitoring and detection of forest fires
items: The Role of Consumers in Container Recycling in the Purified Water Industry
items: Simulation as a tool for production optimization, in the case of plastic pipe manufacturing
items: The Analysis of scientific papers related to intelligent forklifts
items: Application of transformer nets for discrimination of liquid cleaning products
items: Energy forecast of Ecuador's Tertiary Sector to 2040 Using the LEAP Model
items: EASI: Volume 4, Issue 1.
items: Conceptual development and simulation of a PLC-based greenhouse climate regulation system using synthetic data
items: Mechanical performance of mortars reinforced with steel fibers
items: Estudio de caso sobre el impacto de las herramientas digitales en una empresa chocolatera
items: Characterization of the Production of Fuels Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Polystyrene
items: Drag and Lift Forces in Blunt and Aerodynamic Bodies
items: Web Platform for Georeferenced Telemonitoring: A Case Study on Elderly Healthcare
items: Automated water flow reallocation using level sensors and a control system for equitable distribution in rural neighborhoods of Juan Montalvo parish, Latacunga
items: Strategies to promote the adoption of digital payment platforms in microenterprises in the northern sector of Guayaquil
items: Experimental video in Physics: a complement to hybrid teaching
items: Flexibilization of Annual Operational Planning in Crisis Contexts: A Conceptual Model Proposal for Ecuadorian SMEs
items: Remote Monitoring and Control System for Solar Drying Based on ATMega 2560 and LoRa Technology

EASI: Volume 5, Issue 1. [Regular issue]
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description: Engineering innovation, supported by emerging technologies, advanced materials, and sustainable approaches, is driving the development of more efficient, safer, and environmentally responsible processes. This issue brings together research that integrates digital transformation, smart mobility, energy sustainability, food safety, and the circular economy to address the current challenges facing industry. Discover research that inspires new solutions for sustainable engineering and technological innovation. Explore this new issue presented by EASI.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Raquel Vera-Ortega
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Raquel Vera-Ortega https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
doi: 10.53591/3ws81c19

Software Engineering Framework for User Experience and Interaction Mechanics in Web Based Systems: A Systematic Literature Review
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description: The technical implementation of Education 4.0 requires scalable software architectures capable of managing high-concurrency data flows without compromising performance. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 protocol, this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) analyzes a total corpus of 52 documents to evaluate interaction mechanics not as pedagogical tools, but as functional engineering requirements. Results from the 47 primary studies indicate that Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, specifically system stability and latency, are significant predictors of user retention, outweighing instructional design. It is concluded that the adoption of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) is essential to enable the modular, interoperable, and efficient integration of these mechanics within web-based platforms.
subject: SoA reviews
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creator: Rafael Lara Alvear
creator: Fausto Salazar Fierro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rafael Lara Alvear, PhD. Fausto Salazar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 16
ending page: 27
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.3105

Portable Non-Invasive Rapid-Response Optical Device for the Detection of Pesticide Residues in Quinoa Using Reflectance Spectrometry
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description: Following the pandemic, healthy food has been increasingly recognized as a fundamental human right. However, regardless of its nutritional value, food becomes a health risk when contaminated. In this context, quinoa, produced in the Department of Oruro and marketed nationally and internationally, faces concerns regarding pesticide use to maximize production, as residues may adversely affect human health and contribute to cancer development. Given the lack of rapid and accessible detection methods, a portable handheld device was designed and developed to provide rapid, non-invasive detection at a relatively low manufacturing cost compared to specialized equipment and conventional laboratory methods. The experimental study analyzed 25 organic quinoa samples and 25 conventional samples. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and threshold analysis, a weighted sum value of 1170 was established as the divergence threshold. The results validated the feasibility of the reflectance spectrometry-based device, promoting technological innovation in food safety.
subject: Research articles
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creator: Jorge Iver Vicente Ycuña
creator: Nestor Dennis Garcia Ocaña
creator: Luz de los Angeles Davalos Zelada
creator: Maria Belen Morales Colque
creator: Rocío Noemi Choque López
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Iver Vicente Ycuña, Nestor Dennis Garcia Ocaña, Luz de los Angeles Davalos Zelada, Maria Belen Morales Colque, Rocío Noemi Choque López https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 52
ending page: 62
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.3280

Conceptual Model for Intelligent Urban Traffic Management Integrating MaxPressure and Industry 4.0 Technologies
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description: Traffic congestion is one of the main challenges facing urban mobility, especially in medium-sized cities where road capacity tends to grow more slowly than demand. To address this, this study develops a conceptual model for intelligent urban traffic management in the city of Ambato, Ecuador, integrating MaxPressure as an adaptive control core, industrial engineering tools for performance monitoring, and Industry 4.0/CPS technologies to support data capture and integration. Methodologically, the research adopts a conceptual construction approach based on the structured integration of theoretical evidence, the identification of minimal constructs, and the formulation of a traceable functional architecture. As a result, a modular architecture is proposed that articulates observation, state estimation, decision-making, execution, and feedback. The main contribution of the study consists of combining a control algorithm, an operational evaluation, and digital enablers into a single functional proposal, addressing the fragmentation with which these components are typically treated in the literature. Although the model remains conceptual in scope, it offers an explicit basis for future stages of simulation, validation, and progressive implementation.
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creator: Christian Mariño
creator: Jimmy cruz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Christian Mariño, Jimmy Cruz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 40
ending page: 51
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.3248

Validation of the Foaming Capacity of Quinoa Saponin for Sustainable Fire Extinguishers within the Circular Economy Framework
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description: Quinoa is one of the main products exported by Bolivia, produced in the highlands of the Department of Oruro; its processing generates wastes such as saponin, an agro-industrial residue with surfactant and biodegradable properties that accounts for half of the total byproduct. The objective of this study is to experimentally and statistically validate its foaming capacity using the Ross-Miles Method (ASTM D1173) to establish its potential viability in sustainable fire extinguishers. Experimental tests were conducted at a 1:10 ratio, recording foam height as a function of time and yielding a decay rate of 0.002 to 0.003, which demonstrates moderate stability and an acceptable foaming capacity. It is concluded that the foaming capacity of quinoa saponin is satisfactory compared to the chemical surfactants used in conventional fire extinguishers, making it a viable substitution alternative that minimizes environmental pollution and health risks within the framework of sustainable industrial safety and agro-industrial waste valorization.
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creator: Jorge Iver Vicente Ycuña
creator: Omar Rodolfo Nina Yucra
creator: Delice Liszeth Campos Rocha
creator: Alison Geraldine Pérez Vicente
creator: Jhoselin Achocalla Sena
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Iver Vicente Ycuña, Omar Rodolfo Nina Yucra, Delice Liszeth Campos Rocha, Alison Geraldine Pérez Vicente, Jhoselin Achocalla Sena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 63
ending page: 71
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.3281

Evolution of Scientific Knowledge on the Thermodynamics of the Otto Cycle in Internal Combustion Engines
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description: The transition toward sustainable mobility has redefined the role of the internal combustion engine, requiring thermodynamic optimizations to support transport decarbonization. This study analyzes the bibliometric evolution of research on the thermodynamic analysis of the Otto cycle between 2010 and 2025, identifying its intellectual structure and emerging trends. Using a quantitative approach, 686 Scopus-indexed articles were examined through Bibliometrix and VOSviewer. The results reveal sustained growth in scientific production, reaching its highest level in 2025, with Fuel identified as the leading publication source. A shift is observed from conventional thermal efficiency toward exergy-based approaches and the integration of alternative fuels such as hydrogen and bioethanol. Furthermore, institutional leadership is concentrated in major technological powers, while Brazil shows a prominent role within Latin America. The study systematizes the available knowledge and identifies future research directions to support energy and environmental sustainability.
subject: Research articles
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creator: Victor Pachacama-Nasimba
creator: Isis Samaniego-Santillán
creator: Jordan Moreira-Loor
creator: Britney Rodriguez-Rodriguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Victor Pachacama-Nasimba, Isis Samaniego-Santillán, Jordan Moreira-Loor, Britney Rodriguez-Rodriguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 28
ending page: 39
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.3194

Biotechnological Applications of Graphene Derivatives: Bibliometric Evaluation and Emerging Trends
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description: A bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the use of graphene and its derivatives in biotechnology, with a focus on biosensors and tissue engineering. A total of 3,151 Scopus-indexed documents (2010–2024) were analyzed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer to assess scientific production, citations, international collaboration, and thematic evolution. Results showed an annual growth rate of 30.98%, with China, South Korea, and Iran leading research output. In biosensors, graphene derivatives (GO and rGO) have been integrated with nanometals, polymers, and 3D architectures to develop sensitive devices for clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. In tissue engineering, their combination with biomaterials such as chitosan, collagen, and hydroxyapatite has enhanced mechanical and bioactive properties, supporting bone, cardiac, and neural regeneration. Emerging trends include multifunctional hybrid materials, portable technologies, non-invasive diagnostics, and 3D bioprinting. Despite progress, challenges remain in synthesis standardization, clinical validation, and large-scale production.
subject: Research articles
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creator: Gustavo Vaca
creator: Ignacio Isa-Vargas
creator: Andrea Castañeda
creator: Naomi Becerra
creator: Matt Abad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ignacio Isa-Vargas, Gustavo Vaca, Andrea Castañeda, Naomi Becerra, Matt Abad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 15
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.2980

Service Quality Evaluation in Electronic Invoicing: Sentiment Analysis of Customer Behavior
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description: Electronic invoicing has become a fundamental part of the digital transformation of organizations, facilitating operational efficiency. This study evaluates the quality of service in electronic invoicing systems in Ecuador through sentiment analysis applied to user comments. Using advanced natural language processing (NLP) techniques, the BERT model was implemented to automatically classify customer opinions into positive, negative, or neutral sentiments. The analysis was conducted in four stages: data processing, sentiment polarity classification, comment categorization (into recommendations and non-recommendations), and result interpretation. The findings reveal thematic patterns that reflect both user-valued elements and sources of dissatisfaction, particularly in terms of usability, technical support, and system performance. The results show a predominance of positive sentiment, while also highlighting critical areas that need improvement. The model demonstrated high accuracy and enabled real-time visualization of customer perception. As a recommendation, the study proposes optimizing the user interface, automating key processes, and providing staff training to enhance the user experience and strengthen service competitiveness within the digital sector.
subject: Research articles
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creator: Ginger M. Machado Ruiz
creator: Silva Pincay Angelo M.
creator: García Plúa Juan C.
creator: Varas Chiquito Michelle A.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ginger M. Machado Ruiz, Angelo M. Silva Pincay, Juan C. García Plúa, Michelle A. Varas Chiquito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 28
ending page: 39
doi: 10.53591/easi.V4i3.2393

Challenges and Opportunities of Artisanal Female Entrepreneurship in Guayaquil, Ecuador and Its Sustainable Impact
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description: This study aimed to identify the main challenges and opportunities of women’s artisanal entrepreneurship in Guayaquil and to analyze its relationship with economic, social, and environmental sustainability. The research involved 93 artisans from the Guayaquil Handicraft Market, using a questionnaire validated with adequate levels of reliability (α = 0.82–0.88; KR-20 = 0.76–0.81) and statistical consistency (CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.07). The results show that, in the economic dimension, the educational level of artisans is associated with the legal formalization of businesses (χ² = 19.3; p = 0.05; V = 0.32), and social security affiliation is related to the perception of income improvement (χ² = 12.6; p = 0.048; V = 0.28), reaching an average score of 70/100. In the social dimension, participation in associations strengthened family and community roles (χ² = 8.2; p = 0.041), with an average score of 75. In the environmental dimension, the greatest weakness was observed: 87.1% of artisans do not recycle and 91.4% dispose of waste with regular garbage, resulting in an average score of only 35. The overall sustainability index was 65/100. In conclusion, although these entrepreneurs constitute a cultural and economic driver for the city, public policies and training programs are needed to strengthen integral sustainability, with particular emphasis on the environmental dimension.
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creator: Mary Figueroa Guijarro
creator: Luisa Ramos Suárez
creator: Andrés Palma Martínez
creator: Angel Marcel Plaza Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mary Figueroa Guijarro, Luisa Ramos Suárez, Angel Plaza Vargas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 54
ending page: 63
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.2951

Probabilistic Model of Industrial Motor Reliability as a Function of Lubricant Degradation: A Case Study MDU-01 Motor Hyundai H21/32
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description: This work applies a probabilistic reliability model for industrial diesel engines based on lubricant degradation to the MDU-06 Hyundai H21/32 engine at thermal power station, Ecuador. The engine operated seamlessly from August 2023 until October 2025, generating power continuously. Thus, the model predicts dependability based on oil condition behavior rather than mechanical faults. The study offers a non-linear and multivariate degradation model to track the associated evolution of TBN, Sulfation, Nickel, and Vanadium. Stochastic degradation modeling and Weibull reliability estimation were used to estimate lubricant life under real operating conditions. Results show a Weibull shape parameter β = 8.3 and scale parameter η = 1920 hours, with dependability drastically decreasing after 2000 operational hours. These results demonstrate that lubricant degradation can accurately forecast engine health, allowing predictive maintenance without interruption. Condition-based maintenance (CBM) procedures are optimized to maintain system dependability over 80% while lowering premature wear and maintenance costs with the suggested framework.
subject: Research articles
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creator: Jonathan Paul Jiménez Gonzales
creator: José Luis Chango Andrade
creator: Erick Antonio López Pazmiño
creator: Gladys Margarita Sotominga Espinoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan Jiménez Gonzales, Luis Chango, Erick López, Gladys Sotominga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 15
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.2615

EASI: Volume 4, Issue 2. [Special issue]
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description: The study and application of AI, together with simulation and prospective models, enable us to tackle new industrial and environmental challenges. Functional prototypes therefore improve efficiency, sustainability, and decision-making in various sectors through innovative, data-driven technological solutions. Explore articles that inspire simulation and in-depth analysis of new technologies. Immerse yourself in this new work presented by EASI.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Franklin Samaniego-Riera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Franklin Samaniego-Riera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-08
publication date: 2025-11-08
doi: 10.53591/t11qqk22

Factorial design for selecting an emotion recognition model using artificial intelligence
type: item
description: This article studies the effect of certain supervised training hyperparameters (number of epochs, batch size, and learning rate) on the performance of an artificial intelligence model for recognizing five emotions from facial images. A full factorial design was used, with 60 combinations run 12 times, resulting in 720 experiments developed on Google's Teachable Machine platform. The dependent variable corresponds to the percentage of accuracy in identifying emotions. The data were analyzed using a four-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests. The results show that varying the learning rate from 0.0001 to 0.001 increases accuracy by 46%, using a larger number of batches improves accuracy by 41%, and changing the batch size has the least improvement effect and increases variability. In terms of emotions, neutral was the best identified and sadness the worst. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between factor levels and their interactions. It is concluded that properly selecting supervised training hyperparameters is critical to improving the performance of the artificial intelligence model.
subject: Research articles
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creator: Anny Astrid Espitia Cubillos
creator: Robinson Jiménez-Moreno
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anny Astrid Espitia Cubillos, Robinson Jiménez-Moreno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 16
ending page: 27
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.2617

Development of a Jetson Nano drone for monitoring and detection of forest fires
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description: This project presents the development of an artificial intelligence-based prototype for the monitoring and detection of forest fires. The prototype consists of a drone equipped with a high-resolution camera connected to a Jetson Nano. The system was programmed in Python to develop Convolutional Neural Network models for identifying fire indicators, such as smoke and flames, from the images captured by the drone. Unlike traditional methods that rely on fixed or satellite sensors or cameras, this mobile approach enables flexible surveillance of large forest areas, even in hard-to-reach terrain. During testing, an accuracy rate of 95% to 99% was achieved, demonstrating the system’s capability to process large volumes of visual data in real time. The maximum video transmission range is approximately 3.7 km without interference. Smoke and fire detections were transmitted to the ThingSpeak platform allowing visualization and analysis to facilitate fast and effective decision-making. It is concluded that the prototype aims to enhance response capabilities by enabling early fire and minimizing environmental and economic damage.
subject: Special Issue
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creator: Neiser Ortiz-Mosquera
creator: Meillyn Delgado-Vera
creator: Rolando Espinoza-Álvarez
creator: Ximena Trujillo-Borja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Neiser Ortiz-Mosquera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 41
ending page: 47
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i2.2674

The Role of Consumers in Container Recycling in the Purified Water Industry
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description: The sustainable management of plastic packaging in the purified water industry represents a significant environmental challenge, especially in Ecuador, where recycling infrastructure is insufficient and environmental education is limited. This study aims to analyze the behavior of millennial consumers in Guayaquil regarding plastic packaging recycling, identifying barriers and opportunities to strengthen their participation in the process. A mixed methodology was used, combining a review of scientific literature with structured surveys targeting millennials between 18 and 55 years of age to analyze their habits and perceptions regarding plastic packaging recycling. Survey results reveal that 65% of respondents regularly consume water in plastic containers, while 40% identify the lack of infrastructure as a significant barrier to recycling, and 60% are unaware of proper recycling practices. These findings underscore the need to develop comprehensive strategies that foster environmental education, optimize recycling infrastructure, and promote effective economic incentives, strengthen the circular economy and ensure the adoption of long-term sustainable practices in the purified water industry.
subject: Special Issue
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creator: Leonardo Banguera
creator: Javier Alexi Jiménez Peralta
creator: Cinthia Gabriela García García
creator: Ángel Paulino Arcos Coba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Leonardo Banguera, Javier Jiménez-Peralta, Cinthia García-García, Ángel Arcos-Coba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 18
ending page: 24
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i2.2620

Simulation as a tool for production optimization, in the case of plastic pipe manufacturing
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description: Simulation is a method that allows creating a scenario like the real one to predict specific events. The objectives was determine how simulation has become an essential tool to optimize production and estimate its decisive contribution to industrial development. Methodology quantitative, descriptive study, use of indirect observation in a plastic pipe processing plant, grinding area, extrusion-injection. The results obtained expressed that, the application of the Arena software facilitated the development of the simulation of the production process, whose positive impact on the decision to increase the number of mills from 3 to 4, eliminated the existing bottleneck, increasing the installed capacity in the next five years in 22%. It was concluded that, the simulation has become an essential tool in manufacturing organizations, which must be integrated into all areas of the production process, to guarantee successful decision-making in terms of supply, design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and after-sales service.
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creator: Byron José Loor Alcivar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-6836
creator: Ronny Pedro Carriel Sevillano
creator: Betsy Mabel Olvera Moran
creator: Sonia Melissa Rodríguez Merchán
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Byron Loor Alcívar, Ronny P. Carriel Sevillano, Betsy M. Olvera Moran, Sonia Rodríguez Merchán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 25
ending page: 33
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i2.2619

The Analysis of scientific papers related to intelligent forklifts
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description: This document shows an analysis of documents related to intelligent forklifts, which seeks to identify the advances in the field and recognize the existing knowledge gap in the area to support the future design of a forklift that, based on artificial intelligence algorithms, can operate with certain autonomy and be called an intelligent forklift. The PRISMA 2020 guide is used for the search, selection, evaluation and summary of findings of the papers. We start with the search in the Scopus database, defining inclusion criteria to limit the study. The documents are characterized, then an analysis of their bibliographic networks is made using Wosviewer, after which their summaries are studied with Voyant, to succinctly present the main findings. It is concluded that it is important to promote collaborative work among authors, organizations and countries, to complement the advances in forklifts, their routing and movement planning using artificial intelligence tools, such as convolutional or transformer type networks.
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creator: Anny Astrid Espitia Cubillos
creator: Robinson Jiménez-Moreno
creator: Esperanza Rodríguez-Carmona
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anny Espitia-Cubillos, Robinson Jiménez-Moreno, Esperanza Rodríguez-Carmona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 9
ending page: 17
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i2/2602

Application of transformer nets for discrimination of liquid cleaning products
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description: This paper presents an artificial intelligence algorithm based on transformer neural networks that allows the discrimination of liquid products identified with different labels and with presentations in various colors, from a camera, to facilitate the management of their subsequent handling by a computer, which allows us to realize, in manufacturing environments, the connection between the physical and the digital world. The process begins with the digitalization of the products to establish a database. Next, the parameters of the network training are defined, which are then evaluated by measuring the learning time, accuracy, and classification time, all of which are developed in a virtual environment. Thanks to the results, it is possible to conclude that even with a small amount of data, including label images that are not complete or of the best quality, the processing times do not exceed 0.5 seconds. A recognition rate of 100% accuracy is achieved, corresponding to the absence of confusion between the considered categories, given the robustness of the selected transformer network.
subject: Special Issue
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creator: Anny Astrid Espitia Cubillos
creator: Robinson Jiménez-Moreno
creator: Esperanza Rodríguez-Carmona
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anny Astrid Espitia Cubillos, Robinson Jiménez-Moreno, Esperanza Rodríguez-Carmona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 34
ending page: 40
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i2.2600

Energy forecast of Ecuador's Tertiary Sector to 2040 Using the LEAP Model
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description: This study forecasts energy consumption in Ecuador’s tertiary sector through 2040 using a prospective energy model developed with LEAP software. It relies on official data and variables such as employment figures and household consumption. Three scenarios are analyzed: Business as Usual (BAU), High (HIGH), and Low (LOW) consumption. Results show an 87% increase in energy use between 2020 and 2040, rising from 5 million to 10 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). Under the BAU scenario, consumption is projected at 10 million BOE; 6 million in the LOW scenario; and 13 million in the HIGH scenario. Out of 11 activities analyzed, 84% of energy use is concentrated in three key areas: Information and Communication, Commerce, and Accommodation and Food Services. The sector also displays a strong reliance on electricity, which represents 76% of its total energy consumption. Transportation services were excluded from the analysis, as they are considered a separate sector due to their high energy demand. The findings highlight the urgency of implementing sustainable strategies to manage energy use, especially in high-consumption activities. This information provides a valuable foundation for decision-makers and stakeholders in designing energy policies focused on efficiency and reducing environmental impacts in Ecuador’s tertiary sector.
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creator: Yoiler Steeven Tigua Villaprado
creator: Joao Segundo Cadena Barrera
creator: Pedro Castro-Verdezoto
creator: Daniel Ortega-Pacheco
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yoiler Tigua Villaprado, Joao Cadena-Barrera, Pedro Castro-Verdezoto, Daniel Ortega-Pacheco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i2.2596

EASI: Volume 4, Issue 1.
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description: In a constantly evolving world, digital tools are transforming the way we teach, learn and think. In these pages, readers can explore innovations, trends and reflections on the future in the digital era. Discover inspiring articles, insightful analysis, and practical experiences for educators, students, and technology enthusiasts. Immerse yourself in the fascinating dialogue presented by EASI.
subject: Editorial
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creator: Franklin Samaniego Riera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Franklin Samaniego Riera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21

Conceptual development and simulation of a PLC-based greenhouse climate regulation system using synthetic data
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description: This paper presents the conceptual design and simulation of an automated greenhouse climate control system aimed at melon cultivation in the coastal region of Ecuador. The proposal is based on the use of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and a human–machine interface (HMI), developed entirely within a simulation environment using synthetic data and predefined engineering assumptions. The system is designed to regulate critical environmental variables such as air temperature, relative humidity, and soil moisture through a structured and modular control logic implemented in Ladder language. The adopted methodology prioritizes logical and functional validation of the system without relying on physical sensors or field testing, allowing the evaluation of operational coherence under different simulated environmental scenarios. The results demonstrate stable and consistent system behavior, with appropriate automatic responses to conditions of thermal and water stress. Additionally, the proposed control strategy shows potential improvements in water use efficiency and greenhouse microclimate stability. This study represents a preliminary, non-experimental contribution that provides a structured foundation for future stages involving physical implementation, field validation, and the integration of advanced technologies in agro-industrial greenhouse automation systems.
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creator: Franklin Cesar Ramírez Baquerizo
creator: Oscar Carrasco Agraces
creator: Freddy Pincay-Bohórquez
creator: Luis Pilacuan-Bonete
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Franklin Cesar Ramírez-Baquerizo, Oscar Carrasco Agraces, Freddy Pincay-Bohórquez, Luis Pilacuan-Bonete https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 40
ending page: 53
doi: 10.53591/easi.V3i2.2446

Mechanical performance of mortars reinforced with steel fibers
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description: This article focuses on the evaluation of the resistance of mortars to indirect tension and compression, simple and reinforced, with different percentages of steel fiber. The aim is to find resistant and economical solutions to reinforce informal housing, through the use of plaster that improves the general characteristics of a masonry. Masonry constructed in an informal or artisanal manner has a high degree of structural vulnerability. First, the indirect tensile strength and displacements supported by simple and reinforced mortars are compared, where it is observed that reinforced mortars offer greater strength and deformation capacity as a function of the percentage of fiber. Then, the compressive strength is compared, where the reinforced mortars also show adequate results. In terms of economics, the reinforced mortar presents disadvantages due to the cost of the fibers; in the percentages studied in this article (10, 15, 20 and 25%), the use of reinforced mortars for informal housing is not so attractive; it is recommended to develop similar investigations with different percentages of fiber.
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creator: Matias Renato Castro Castillo
creator: Jaime Xavier Nieto-Cardenas
creator: Paul Illescas-Cardenas
creator: Pilar Roxana Naspud Uruchima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Matías Renato Castro Castillo, Jaime Xavier Nieto-Cárdenas, Paúl Illescas-Cárdenas, Pilar Roxana Naspud Uruchima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 42
ending page: 51
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i1.2410

Estudio de caso sobre el impacto de las herramientas digitales en una empresa chocolatera
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description: This study analyzes the impact of digital tools on production processes in a chocolate industry company in Ecuador, within the broader context of Industry 4.0. Through a qualitative and descriptive approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten employees working in production and administration. The objective was to explore the perceived benefits, challenges, and operational changes associated with the integration of digital technologies. The research followed a non-experimental, inductive design, and used Atlas.ti for thematic coding and qualitative analysis. The results reveal that digital tools have significantly transformed core areas such as production, distribution, and marketing. The most used technologies include management software, machinery sensors, CRM systems, and social media platforms. Participants highlighted improvements in efficiency, error reduction, and resource optimization, as well as challenges related to staff training and technological adaptation. This study contributes empirical evidence on how digitalization unfolds in small and medium-sized enterprises in emerging economies. It also offers insights into the design of inclusive innovation strategies and context-specific policies to support digital transformation, particularly in the food sector.
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creator: Ricardo Vega Granda
creator: David Cabezas García
creator: Fabian Rosales Pintado
creator: Jannette Granda Martínez
creator: Azucena Ortega Pindo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ricardo Vega Granda, David Cabezas García, Fabian Rosales Pintado, Jannette Granda Martínez, Azucena Ortega Pindo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 23
ending page: 30
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i1.2062

Characterization of the Production of Fuels Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Polystyrene
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description: This study addresses the specific characterization of fuels obtained through the pyrolysis of polystyrene after being analyzed in laboratories and a study of their applicability. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of materials by heating them at high temperatures without the presence of oxygen to decompose them into simpler fractions. The research focused on evaluating viscosity, flash point, density and ASTM distillation and then comparing the results with commercial fuel standards. The results show that pyrolysis-derived fuels have characteristics intermediate between diesel and gasoline, with a density similar to diesel, but a viscosity and flash point closer to gasoline. Distillation reveals a mixture of volatile and non-volatile components, suggesting that these fuels could be alternatives, although further testing to evaluate their performance and safety in specific applications is needed to validate the feasibility and safety of polystyrene pyrolysis by-products as alternative fuels.
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creator: Diego Navarro
creator: Silvana Angulo
creator: Pedro Castro
creator: Dany Salazar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Navarro, Silvana Angulo, Pedro Castro, Dany Salazar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-01-09
publication date: 2025-01-09
starting page: 57
ending page: 69
doi: 10.53591/easi.v3i2.1867

Drag and Lift Forces in Blunt and Aerodynamic Bodies
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description: The objective of this study is to analyze the drag and lift forces acting on blunt and streamlined bodies. To achieve this, experiments were conducted in a subsonic wind tunnel using objects of varying geometries, including a small smooth sphere, a large smooth sphere, a rough sphere, a flat disk, and a streamlined body — specifically, a NACA airfoil profile. Airflow within the tunnel was generated using a variable-speed fan, operated at different rotation speeds. Data collection was performed with the aid of specialized software, recording fifty measurements for each case, including drag force, kinematic viscosity, temperature, and airflow velocity. The results were used to construct plots of the drag coefficient versus Reynolds number for the blunt bodies, and the lift coefficient versus Reynolds number for the NACA airfoil, enabling a comparative analysis of aerodynamic behavior across different geometries.
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creator: Milton Flores Zhamungui
creator: Eduardo Baidal Bustamante
creator: Richard Varas Flores
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MILTON FLORES, Eduardo Baidal Bustamante, RICHARD VARAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 31
ending page: 41
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i1.1961

Web Platform for Georeferenced Telemonitoring: A Case Study on Elderly Healthcare
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description: The monitoring and management of biomedical variables remain critical areas of focus within the scientific and technological fields. The increasing prevalence of cardiac conditions and the risks associated with geographic disorientation among the elderly population highlight a pressing challenge. This study presents a web-based platform designed to receive real-time biomedical data for assessing patient health status. To achieve this, the variables were simulated to define the necessary data structure. All data generated through an Android-based device were transmitted over a cellular network and stored in a preconfigured Cloud database, enabling the creation of a consultable historical record for future use. The platform was subsequently evaluated by 50 users, who shared their insights and rated aspects such as usability, interface design, and functionality through a detailed survey.
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creator: Orlando Barboza
creator: Andres Florez
creator: Cesar Viloria-Nuñez
creator: Diego Gomez-Ceron
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Orlando Barboza, Andres Florez, Cesar Viloria-Nuñez, Diego Gomez-Ceron https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-02-12
publication date: 2025-02-12
starting page: 30
ending page: 38
doi: 10.53591/easi.v3i2.1924

Automated water flow reallocation using level sensors and a control system for equitable distribution in rural neighborhoods of Juan Montalvo parish, Latacunga
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description: This paper analyzes and presents a proposal to automate the distribution of drinking water to four rural neighborhoods in Juan Montalvo Parish, Latacunga, aiming to optimize its allocation. For many years, the scarcity of water and the absence of a system for its efficient distribution has posed persistent challenges for households in rural areas of Ecuador. To address this issue, a water flow control proposal was developed, considering both the continuous availability of the resource, regardless of the season, and the population size of each neighborhood in Juan Montalvo. The proposed solution involves implementing a PID control system to regulate the proportional opening and closing of control valves. The valve opening percentages were designed based on the number of inhabitants in each neighborhood, ensuring an equitable distribution of water resources across the communities. Automating the drinking water distribution process represents a significant advancement in water resource management. This proposal minimizes waste by ensuring precise control of outflows to each neighborhood, contributing to the sustainable use of water resources.
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creator: Tania De La Cruz
creator: J. Figueroa Olmedo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 T. De La Cruz Tapia, J. Figueroa Olmedo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-01-09
publication date: 2025-01-09
starting page: 11
ending page: 22
doi: 10.53591/easi.v3i2.1918

Strategies to promote the adoption of digital payment platforms in microenterprises in the northern sector of Guayaquil
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description: This article aims to identify strategies to expand the adoption of digital payment platforms in microenterprises in northern Guayaquil, highlighting their importance in business modernization and economic growth within e-commerce. The exploratory-descriptive and propositional research analyzed barriers such as the preference for cash, lack of knowledge, and economic and technological limitations. Through a survey of 278 microentrepreneurs, it was found that only 34.4% use digital platforms, mainly Payphone and Kushki. The benefits of adoption include greater security, increased sales, and better financial organization. Strategies such as educational campaigns, financial incentives, technological improvements, and generating trust are proposed. The research concludes that collaboration between the public, private, and academic sectors is essential to facilitate the digital transition and enhance business competitiveness in Guayaquil.
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creator: Raquel Vera
creator: Linda Yong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raquel Vera, Linda Yong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-01-09
publication date: 2025-01-09
starting page: 39
ending page: 46
doi: 10.53591/easi.v3i2.1914

Experimental video in Physics: a complement to hybrid teaching
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description: The quarantine closed schools in response to the rapid spread of COVID-19, posing among the risks to high school education, the increase in the educational gap. We present research on how school closures in 2020 influenced student performance when using videos for teaching physics based on the curriculum. Data from 69 fourth-semester students who performed various exercises with mathematical problems were analyzed and it was found that student performance did not increase significantly during school closures in 2020. However, the analysis also suggests a reduction in the achievement gap between low- and high-performing students
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creator: Ramón F. Estrada
creator: César Mora
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ramón F. Estrada, César Mora https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 11
ending page: 22
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i1.1911

Flexibilization of Annual Operational Planning in Crisis Contexts: A Conceptual Model Proposal for Ecuadorian SMEs
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description: The Annual Operational Planning (POA) is a key tool for organizational management; however, its rigidity limits its effectiveness in crisis contexts characterized by high uncertainty. This article analyzes strategies to make POA more flexible and to strengthen the adaptive capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ecuador. Through a systematic literature review and the analysis of best practices, six key strategies are identified: dynamic strategic diagnosis, prioritization of critical objectives, scenario-based planning, adaptive key performance indicators (KPIs), resource optimization, and adaptive organizational culture. As a result, a conceptual model is proposed, integrating these strategies in a structured and progressive way, tailored to the operational realities of SMEs in the country. Although the proposal is based on theoretical evidence, the absence of empirical validation is recognized as a limitation; therefore, pilot applications in different productive sectors are recommended. The model aims to serve as a practical tool to guide operational planning in complex and volatile environments.
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creator: Victoria Vera
creator: Raquel Vera-Ortega
creator: Gloria Vanegas Zabala
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Victoria Vera, Raquel Vera-Ortega, Gloria Vanegas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.53591/easi.v4i1.1905

Remote Monitoring and Control System for Solar Drying Based on ATMega 2560 and LoRa Technology
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description: Sun drying is an effective technique for food preservation, although it presents significant challenges in optimizing and controlling its variables. This paper describes the development of a remote control, data acquisition and monitoring module designed to optimize solar drying processes. The system uses a customized electronic board based on the ATMega 2560 microcontroller, which integrates LoRa technology for remote data storage and monitoring. The development of the module was structured in three main phases. The first step was a proof-of-concept operation with an Arduino Mega development board, which tested the control and central control concepts. Secondly, after identifying the need for increased durability and stability, a custom table was designed using CAD software and Bakelite copper to improve the durability and reliability of the system. Finally, in the third step, the final version of the tabletop, adapted to the drying conditions of the sun, was printed and assembled. The developed module can be adapted to operate on different types and scales of solar dryers, and, being built with low-cost devices, it is an affordable solution for the control and monitoring of this type of process. This solution has potential to improve the efficiency of drying processes for various contexts.
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creator: Néstor Ortiz-Rodríguez
creator: Jesús Águila León
creator: Miriam Lucero-Tenorio
creator: Jesús F. Villaseñor Correa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Néstor Ortiz-Rodríguez, Jesús Águila-León, Miriam Lucero-Tenorio, Jesús F. Villaseñor-Correa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-02-12
publication date: 2025-02-12
starting page: 23
ending page: 29
doi: 10.53591/easi.v3i2.1901