Revista Conexiones UG, Vol. 4, No. 1, January - June 2026  
e-ISSN: 2960-8147 ISBN: 978-9942-44-827-9  
OFFICIALS  
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Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela  
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Revista Conexiones UG, Vol. 4, No. 1, January - June 2026  
e-ISSN: 2960-8147 ISBN: 978-9942-44-827-9  
JOURNAL SECTIONS  
Original and Unpublished Research  
1. Ecosystemiclogos.Emergingcartographiesforacomplexrationality.Interdisciplinary  
dialogues between science, technology, nature, and culture in shaping horizons of  
sustainability.  
2. Neurodiversity in the academic universe. STEAM as the spaceship and comics as  
the compass.  
3. Critical dialogues in complex systems. Epistemic-educational redefinition from  
philosophical didactics.  
Social and Educational Projects Section  
1. Bridging languages and cultures. Project-based learning in english teacher training.  
2. Work and education in children and adolescents as human rights. An Ecuadorian  
referendum.  
3. Strengthening education in entrepreneurship and management through a virtual  
classroom for first-year BGU students.  
4. Poor girls, boys, and adolescents. A social reality.  
Socio-Community Research Section  
1. The academy and its interaction with communities through society engagement  
programs.  
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Revista Conexiones UG, Vol. 4, No. 1, January - June 2026  
e-ISSN: 2960-8147 ISBN: 978-9942-44-827-9  
ÍNDICE  
ORIGINAL AND UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH.............................................................. 8  
Ecosystemic logos. Emerging cartographies for a complex rationality. Interdisciplinary  
dialogues between science, technology, nature, and culture in shaping horizons of  
sustainability............................................................................................................... 8  
1Renné Wilfredo Pérez Villafuerte  
Neurodiversity in the academic iniverse. STEAM as the spaceship and comics as the  
compass.................................................................................................................... 22  
1Raquel del Valle Peña Peinado  
Critical dialogues in complex systems. Epistemic-educational redefinition from  
philosophical didactics.............................................................................................. 31  
1Karleny Isabel Macías Rojas  
SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS SECTION ................................................ 40  
Bridging languages and cultures. Project-based learning in english teacher training ....40  
1Carlos Daniel Cazco Maldonado  
2Paola Vanessa Santamaría Velásquez  
3Martha Jacqueline González Blanco  
Work and education in children and adolescents as human rights. An Ecuadorian  
referendum............................................................................................................... 45  
1Alicia Ramírez de Castillo  
Strengthening education in entrepreneurship and management through a virtual  
classroom for first-year BGU students ..................................................................... 53  
1Jefferson Enrique Ulloa Castro  
2Robert Joao Calderón Santana  
3Félix André Cueva Zambrano  
4Kevin Andrés Sánchez Jiménez  
5Darío Andrés Litardo Villacreses  
Poor girls, boys, and adolescents. A social reality ................................................... 63  
1Fernando José Castillo  
SOCIAL-COMMUNITY RESEARCH SECTION ........................................................... 75  
The academy and its interaction with communities through society engagement  
programs.......................................................................................................................75  
1Verónica Ochoa Hidalgo  
2Emely Domínguez Mejía  
3Herman Sozoranga Sandoval  
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Ecosystemic logos. Emerging cartographies for a complex rationality.  
Interdisciplinary dialogues between science, technology, nature, and culture in  
shaping horizons of sustainability  
Logos ecosistémico. Cartografías emergentes para una racionalidad compleja. Diálogos  
interdisciplinares entre ciencia, tecnología, naturaleza y cultura en la configuración de  
horizontes de sostenibilidad  
1Renné Wilfredo Pérez Villafuerte  
University of Cusco. Cusco, Perú.  
Received date: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 11/04/2026  
Abstract  
Ecosystemic logos is proposed as a novel epistemology of highly advanced culture, thus requiring the  
innovative transdisciplinary conceptualization of knowledge. By developing a ‘transdisciplinary’ perspective  
that maintains as analytical frameworks the theories of complexity (Morin, 2006), the ecology of knowledge  
(Santos, 2009) and relational ontologies (Descola, 2013), it is possible to build a conceptual map that goes  
beyond reductionist logics. The study analyzes knowledge interfaces, revealing methodological strategies to  
constitute a complex rationality that produces sustainability horizons. The entanglements of different forms  
of knowledge are criticized, also emphasizing the coproduction and disruption of traditional epistemological  
divisions. The findings confirm the value of a comprehensive approach that recognizes the multidimensionality  
of knowledge systems, suggesting an emancipatory reappropriation of the relationships between the human  
and the non-human. The study concludes by affirming the need to find a planetary ethics of co-responsibility  
and a radical ecosystemic intelligibility.  
Keywords: transdisciplinary epistemology, complex systems, knowledge cartography, relational ontologies,  
planetary ethics.  
Resumen  
Seproponeellogosecosistémicocomounaepistemologíanovedosadeculturamuyavanzada,requiriendo,por  
lo tanto, la conceptualización transdisciplinaria innovadora del conocimiento. Desarrollando una perspectiva  
‘transdisciplinaria’ que mantiene como marcos analíticos las teorías de la complejidad (Morin, 2006), la ecología  
del conocimiento (Santos, 2009) y las ontologías relacionales (Descola, 2013), es posible construir un mapa  
conceptual que va más allá de las lógicas reduccionistas. El estudio analiza las interfaces del conocimiento,  
revelando estrategias metodológicas para constituir una racionalidad compleja que produzca horizontes de  
sostenibilidad. Se critican los entrelazamientos de diferentes formas de conocimiento, enfatizando también  
la coproducción y la disrupción de las divisiones epistemológicas tradicionales. Los hallazgos confirman el  
valor de un enfoque comprensivo que reconoce la multidimensionalidad de los sistemas de conocimiento,  
sugiriendo una reapropiación emancipadora de las relaciones entre lo humano y lo no humano. El estudio  
concluye afirmando la necesidad de encontrar una ética planetaria de corresponsabilidad y una inteligibilidad  
ecosistémica radical.  
Palabras clave:epistemología transdisciplinaria, sistemas complejos, cartografía del conocimiento, ontologías  
relacionales, ética planetaria.  
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Introduction  
Dialogue as the Foundation of Ecosystemic Logos  
Todays civilizational crisis calls for a fundamentally new way of thinking about how different fields  
of human understanding intersect. This paper argues that dialogue serves as the essential foundation for  
an ecosystemic logos—a framework in which knowledge emerges from the integrative and transformative  
intersections across disciplines. Inter- and transdisciplinary discussion extends science, technology, nature,  
and culture to the generative core of how sustainable horizons become possible in a globally divided world  
marked by overspecialization and narrow disciplinary perspectives. As Edgar Morin (2006, p. 143) points out,  
“hyperspecialization obstructs the vision of the global (which breaks down into fragments) and of the essential  
(which becomes diluted).” Against this complex reality, the ecosystemic logos emerges as an integrative  
epistemological proposal.  
Building on this integrated framework, this paper investigates the dialogical encounters that arise  
between disparate bodies of knowledge, perceiving dialogue as more than merely juxtaposing knowledge,  
but rather as a transformation during which (disciplinary) boundaries become malleable and new patterns of  
thought emerge. For as Santos (2009, p. 182) argues, “knowledge worthy of the name has always been inter-  
knowledge,” and it is impossible to separate any genuine knowledge from dialogical relationships with others.  
The proposition of an ecosystemic logos means that science, technology, and nature—or culture—are  
not distinct spheres but rather intertwined dimensions of the same complex reality. According to Castro-Díaz  
et al. (2022), interconnections of this nature require “emergent cartographies”: ways of seeing and shaping  
these relationships, tensions, and possibilities in contact zones through knowledge systems.  
As Barth et al. (2023) demonstrate, transdisciplinary approaches and multimodal algorithms have  
proven to be powerful tools. They make these dialogues possible by forging hybrid epistemological spaces  
where different perspectives can meet without completely collapsing into one another. This dialogical mode  
“opens up a space” that is essential for transcending the oppressive determinism of the dominant models of  
monological communication that have generally prevailed in modern science, playing a major role in producing  
the current global socio-ecological crisis.  
Science and Nature: dialogues for a situated epistemology  
The first dialogue in this series emerged as we explored the relationship between science and nature. It  
challenges the Cartesian division between subject and object, which has been a hallmark of modern scientific  
thought. This becomes particularly clear when considering the limitations of any science that is detached from  
the natural systems it seeks to understand.  
The objectification of nature becomes one of its themes  
Nature understood purely as an object has been deeply questioned. As Descola (2013) states, this is  
only one of many possible ontologies—specifically, Western naturalism. Numerous indigenous and traditional  
cultures,incontrast,conceiveofnatureasasubjectwithintrinsicmeaning.Theyestablishdialogicalrelationships,  
as nature possesses energetic capacities for action and response at all times. Policies that effectively support  
their own sustainability have never been implemented.  
This shift toward viewing nature as a subject with whom to have a conversation is one of the challenges  
in reformulating scientific practice. Charting its course in health policy, the journal publication by Anchea-  
Monreal et al. (2015) argued in favor of this ecology-health approach: the minor roles played by natural systems  
and their capacity to respond to human interventions did not behave as expected or predicted.  
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Scientific Awareness of Ecology  
If science wishes to communicate with nature, it must develop a “scientific awareness.” According to  
Morin (2006), this is not a self-indulgent whim of academia; rather, it acknowledges its own limitations more  
frankly than mere reflection. Science that takes its own context into account transcends the supposed neutrality  
of positivism to assume responsibility for a more sustainable future. The moral impetus and the means to build  
new futures in a sustainable way are quite evident.  
Expanding on this approach, Capra and Luisi (2014) developed a comprehensive vision of the life  
sciences. This alternative, which reconciles modern scientific findings with a contemporary ethical vision of  
the human-nature relationship, is perhaps a prerequisite for overcoming what Val Plumwood (2002) calls an  
“ecological crisis of reason.” Speciesism is the radical separation of human rationality from natural processes  
and animals.  
The dialogue between science and nature also involves understanding that there are multiple ways  
of knowing that can contribute to our understanding of natural systems. In his work on spiritual ecology,  
Berkes (2018) has shown that knowledge. Traditional ecological knowledge provides important insights into  
ecosystem dynamics that Western science is only beginning to appreciate.  
Technology and Culture: sociotechnical reconfigurations  
The second thematic area examines the interface between technological systems and cultural  
configurations; both co-produce a mutual influence on dynamic processes. In the era in which we live, digital  
technology is changing all our lifestyles for better or for worse. Therefore, this dialogue is particularly relevant  
today, as we can investigate how technological systems themselves can catalyze efforts toward sustainability  
or, alternatively, present major obstacles in their path.  
Beyond Technological Determinism  
Technological determinism is a misconception that attributes to technical artifacts the autonomous  
capacity to shape society. On the other hand, extreme social constructivism holds that humans make  
technology rather than the other way around. In contrast to these two one-sided views, thinkers such as Yuk Hui  
(2019) propose a “cosmotecnia”: this term implies the materialization of specific cosmologies, or how science  
functions in conjunction with different parts of the social order. It has been proposed that, in fact, ideologies,  
worldviews, and social relations are all mapped onto technology as material structures, but technology also  
incorporates certain material characteristics that condition its possible uses and appropriations.  
I emphasize this point to highlight the importance of Bratton (2016), since contemporary technological  
infrastructures are in fact meta-structures that mix and recompose humans and non-humans, creating contracts  
that encompass new forms of sovereignty and control of authority.  
Situated Technologies, Technical Pluriverse  
The dialogue between technology and culture allows us to consider the existence of what Escobar  
(2018) termed a ‘technical pluriverse,’ that is, many possible technological paths, rooted in different cultural  
contexts. This perspective challenges the supposed universality and neutrality of conventional technological  
systems, revealing the situated and contingent nature of technology.  
Cases of appropriate technology development, free software, or participatory design show that it is  
possible to build technical artifacts that respond to the specific needs and values of diverse communities. As  
Lagunas Vázquez (2021) argues, transdisciplinarity offers both conceptual tools for this project and methods to  
facilitate ways in which local knowledge can interact with specialized scientific knowledge.  
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This dialogical approach, therefore, recognizes the technology-culture interface as a privileged space  
in which to imagine and construct alternative socio-technical futures, where technological innovation emerges  
from a perspective of sustainability and social justice. A realization of this premise is that participatory  
methodologies allow for the integration of a variety of types of knowledge in the evaluation and design of  
socio-technical systems. In this way, they help foster solutions that are both localized and culturally appropriate,  
as discussed by Castro-Díaz et al. (2022).  
Nature and Culture: relational ontologies  
Regarding this third axis of dialogue, it influences how modern Western thought has engendered what  
Descola (2013) called the “great ontological divide,” a phrase that highlights the antagonism in that philosophy  
that separates the human world from the rest of nature, with disastrous results for both.  
Beyond the Nature-Culture Divide  
One of the main areas criticized by the ecosystemic logos is the nature-culture divide. As Descola (2013)  
has shown, this divide, rather than being truly universal in nature, is merely a particular ontology that emerged  
with modern Western thought. Their comparative research on animism, totemism, naturalism, and analogism  
reveals the multiple frameworks available for understanding the relationship between human society and its  
environment. The relational ontologies of many indigenous cultures offer an alternative to the nature-culture  
divide. The approaches of Castro-Díaz et al. (2022) bear witness to this. They recognize that non-human  
agencies can have an effect, with the result that life becomes for them simply a series of connections in which  
the event or occurrence is just another point among many others.  
Hybrid Territorialities and Multispecies Assemblages  
This hybridization of nature and culture has given rise to what we might call “hybrid territorialities,” areas  
where human activity and ecological processes intermingle in all sorts of complex ways. These are what Latour  
(2007) refers to as “hybrid assemblages,” where human and non-human actors work together to produce  
certain socio-ecological realities.  
The framework of “multispecies studies” (Tsing, 2015) provides tools for analyzing such assemblages,  
revealing the complex interplay of symbiosis, competition, and coevolution among different forms of life. This  
is particularly relevant in the Anthropocene era, when human influence now extends to nearly all ecosystems  
on Earth, giving rise to diverse socio-ecological configurations. As Arenas-Monreal et al. (2015) discovered in  
their research on ecosystem health, these hybrid territorialities require knowledge from diverse disciplines and  
cultures to come together in order to be explained. It is an admission of impossibility  
Science and Culture: toward cognitive justice  
The fourth theme of the dialogue delves into an analysis of the scientific systems that permeate cultural  
environments. It challenges the hierarchies of knowledge that have favored knowledge derived from Western  
scientific practices over other ways in which people know and are in the world. For Santos (2009), this dialogue  
is fundamental to advancing toward what he calls “cognitive justice,” a necessary condition for any genuine  
project of social justice.  
Ecology of Knowledge and Intercultural Translation  
The notion of the “ecology of knowledge” (Santos, 2009) is a basic framework that allows us to reevaluate  
the relationship between scientific knowledge and cultural diversity. It recognizes the irreconcilable plurality of  
knowledge and advocates for its pragmatic articulation around concrete problems, so that no set is reduced  
to another.  
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The dialogue between science and culture also requires what Santos calls a “process of translation.” It  
is necessary to facilitate communication between different universes of meaning, without reducing them all  
to a common language that would inevitably lose its specificity. As Castro-Díaz et al. (2022) argue, this work of  
translation is crucial in Latin American contexts characterized by great cultural and ecological diversity.  
Citizen science and situated knowledge  
Initiatives in citizen science and people-centered science are promising spaces for a broader dialogue  
between scientific systems and diverse cultural environments. These approaches recognize the value of local  
and experiential knowledge, integrating it into the cooperative process of studying questions relevant to the  
community.  
As demonstrated by the work of Arenas-Monreal et al. (2015) on participatory health assessment, the  
combination of scientific and community knowledge allows for a richer, more situational understanding of  
problems and their causes. It can lead to more effective interventions that are better adapted to the culture  
in which they are implemented. The concept of “situated knowledge” proposed by Donna Haraway (1988)  
offers a valuable perspective for this dialogue, recognizing that all knowledge is produced from particular  
positions within social, cultural, and ecological networks. This perspective challenges the supposed neutrality  
and universality of scientific knowledge, revealing its partiality and situated nature, without falling into absolute  
relativism.  
Cartographic Methodologies for Interdisciplinary Dialogue  
Knowledge cartographies are tools for visualizing and facilitating the complex dialogues surrounding  
the thinking that is shaping the ecosystemic logos. These methodologies allow us to capture connections,  
conflicts, and emerging possibilities at the interfaces between different knowledge systems. They create  
spaces for navigating complexity.  
Mapping Complexity  
Mapping complexity involves efforts to explain the multiple dimensions and interrelationships that  
characterize todays socio-ecological systems. As Morin (2007) points out, complex thinking posits that we need  
tools that represent both unity and diversity, continuity and discontinuity, and the emergence and necessity  
of these systems. These cartographies go beyond linear and reductionist logic, adopting reticular, rhizomatic,  
or fractal formats that show multiple levels of organization and nonlinear processes. As explained by Castro-  
Díaz et al. (2022), such visualizations allow for the identification of critical points where small interventions can  
trigger major systemic changes that emerge from them.  
Participatory Mapping and Territorial Knowledge  
Participatory mapping is a methodology that combines various types of knowledge in the description  
and understanding of a geographic region. These approaches recognize that territory is not an impartial  
physical space, but rather a socio-cultural construct imbued with many meanings, values, and power structures.  
As Arenas-Monreal et al. (2015) have demonstrated in their research on community health, such  
participatory maps reveal socio-environmental determinants of health that are not visible from standard  
technical perspectives. These approaches integrate local experiential knowledge of the landscape with  
scientific data, providing more comprehensive and contextualized representations that are also more user-  
friendly.  
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Mapping Controversy and Dialogue of Knowledges  
Mapping controversy is an important tool for visualizing the conversations, tensions, and contradictions  
that characterize any field of knowledge. In line with Latour (2007), in these methodologies, each party maps  
its perspectives, arguments, and evidence within complex socio-technical conflicts.  
These approaches are particularly useful for fostering constructive dialogues in fields characterized by  
significant epistemological, ontological, or axiological differences. As Barth et al. (2023) note, transdisciplinary  
learning thrives on such divergences; it uses them as a resource for innovation and transformation.  
Horizons of Sustainability: ethics as the foundation of dialogue  
The interdisciplinary dialogues that make up the ecosystemic logos go beyond epistemology  
and methodology; building meaningful horizons of sustainability requires an ethics. Recognizing basic  
interdependence, this dialogical ethics fosters both reciprocity and co-responsibility.  
Planetary Ethics and Interspecies Co-responsibility  
In the face of the modern socio-ecological crisis, the proposal for a planetary ethics is necessary. As  
Hans Jonas (1984) argues, new ethical concepts are needed because humanitys technological powers require  
moral principles regarding future generations and non-human life.  
Based on the recognition of the fundamental interrelationship of all living systems, this ethics goes  
beyond abstract individualism or homogenizing collectivism. In the words of Arenas-Monreal et al. (2015),  
an ecosystemic approach to health reveals how human well-being is inseparable from the well-being of the  
ecological systems of which it is a part.  
Cognitive justice as the foundation of sustainability  
Cognitive justice, a term coined by Santos (2009), is essential to any authentic sustainability project. It  
asserts that the epistemological foundations of our contemporary sustainability crisis run deep. One aspect  
is that established knowledge systems have separated nature and culture rather than integrating them into a  
single unit; another aspect concerns the value and politics of science.  
Engaging in sustainable action means recognizing that there are different forms of knowledge and  
other modes of existence—that is, cognitive justice. This idea was verified by Castro-Díaz et al. (2022): by  
integrating a diverse range of knowledge types and perspectives, we arrive at a more comprehensive and  
locally grounded understanding of complex problems, thereby giving rise to new solutions.  
From Anthropocentrism to Pluralist Biocentrism  
The emphasis on the intrinsic value potentially possessed by all forms of life is a key feature in the shift  
from anthropocentrism to the ecosystemic perspective. This does not destroy human specificity nor does it  
overlook differences to arrive at an undifferentiated monism; rather, it emphasizes the plural compendium of  
beings and ways of being.  
Plumwood (2002) adopted a pluralist biocentrism that distanced itself from both hierarchical  
anthropocentrism and abstract biocentric egalitarianism. This position emphasizes both censorship and  
difference in interventions regarding forms of life. It is particularly useful for rethinking the relationship between  
humans and other species in terms of reciprocity and mutual respect.  
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Methods  
The research employed qualitative methods involving a hermeneutic-dialectical approach, based on  
the complex systems paradigm (Morin 2006) and transdisciplinarity. The methodological design took the form  
of theoretical research of an analytical-interpretive nature that applied a dialogical perspective to facilitate the  
integration of various fields of knowledge. Its three main theoretical and conceptual frameworks were:  
1. Complexity Theories (Morin, 2006, 2007)  
2. Ecology of Knowledge (Santos, 2009)  
3. Relational Ontologies (Descola, 2013)  
Data Collection and Interpretation Procedures  
Systematic Literature Review A systematic literature review was conducted of primary and secondary  
sources related to: 1) Transdisciplinary Epistemologies, 2) Complex Systems and Complexity Theories, 3)  
Knowledge Mapping, 4) Relational Ontologies, and 5) Planetary Ethics. The selection was based on theoretical  
relevance, recency (publications predominantly from the last 15 years), academic impact, and epistemological  
diversity.  
Analysis of Epistemological Interfaces  
To analyze the interfaces, four basic dialogical axes were adopted: 1) Science and Nature, 2) Technology  
and Culture, 3) Nature and Culture, and 4) Science and Culture. For each axis, the following points were  
distinguished: 1) Key concepts and emerging patterns, 2) Epistemological tensions and contradictions, and 3)  
Points of convergence and possibilities for integration.  
Conceptual Cartography  
This is a cartographic methodology designed to visualize and study the subtle interrelationships that  
exist between various knowledge systems. This mapping was organized into three levels: 1) Mapping the  
many dimensions and interconnections of modern socio-ecological systems, 2) Complexity Cartographies—  
Integration into territorial descriptions and understanding of various types of knowledge in participatory  
cartographies, and 3) Controversy Cartographies.  
Research Methodology and Case Studies  
In “The Common Units,” the researchers sought to examine the development of a global consciousness.  
To ensure methodological rigor, the following criteria were applied: 1) Theoretical coherence: Logical  
articulation between the different conceptual frameworks used, 2) Reflexivity: Explicit acknowledgment of the  
researchers position within the field of study, 3) Transparency: Clear explanation of procedures and criteria  
for analysis, and, 4) Validation through interdisciplinary dialogue: Comparison of perspectives from different  
disciplines and traditions of thought.  
Results  
Ecosystemic Logos  
Configuration  
An analysis of the interdisciplinary dialogues revealed the emergence of an ecologically balanced  
logos characterized by: 1) Epistemological integration: Overcoming dichotomies inherent  
in modern Western thought, 2) The interaction of different beings and systems can be called  
“ontological relationality,” 3) The ability to think on many levels and in many dimensions at the  
same time—multidimensionality, 4) An athletic (processual) dynamism: emphasizing process and  
change rather than the person and the state.  
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Table 1  
Characteristics of the ecosystemic logos contrasted with Western modern rationality  
Dimension  
Epistemological  
Ontological  
Methodological  
Ethical  
Western Modern Rationality  
Disciplinary fragmentation  
Nature–culture dualism  
Analytical reductionism  
Anthropocentrism  
Ecosystemic Logos  
Integrative transdisciplinarity  
Relational continuity  
Systemic complexity  
Pluralistic biocentrism  
Emergent circularity  
Situated diversity  
Temporal  
Progressive linearity  
Spatial  
Universal homogeneity  
Note: The table is based on an own elaboration derived from the analysis of the epistemological characteristics of the  
ecosystemic logos in contrast with Western modern rationality. Source: Pérez-Villafuerte, R. (2025).  
Emerging Cartographies in Dialogic Axes  
Science-Nature Axis  
Analysis of the dialogue between science and nature revealed the following emerging patterns: 1)  
Overcoming the objectification of nature: Transition from a conception of nature as a passive object to its  
recognition as a subject with agency and internal meaning; 2) Scientific awareness of ecology: Development  
of a reflective science that acknowledges its limitations but assumes responsibility for its effects; and 3)  
Integration of traditional ecological knowledge: Recognition of the epistemological value of indigenous and  
local knowledge about ecosystems.  
Figure 1  
Mapping the Science-Nature Dialogue  
Note: Authors own work. Conceptual map of emerging dimensions in the Science-Nature dialogue. Source: Pérez-  
Villafuerte, R. (2025).  
Technology-Culture Axis  
The analysis of the dialogue between technology and culture revealed: 1) Overcoming technological  
determinism: Recognition of the mutual interaction between technological systems and cultural configurations,  
2) Emergence of the concept of cosmotecnics: Materialization of specific cosmologies in technological  
development, and 3) Technological pluralism: Identification of multiple possible technological trajectories  
rooted in different cultural contexts.  
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Table 2  
The content of different contexts in which the technical pluriverse is evident  
Context  
Technological Approach  
Distinctive Characteristics  
Modernity  
Universal technology  
Standardization, scalability,  
Western orientation, centralized  
control  
Communities  
Appropriate technologies  
Local adaptation, low impact,  
indigenous knowledge, traditional  
knowledge  
Alternative movements  
Emerging approaches  
Open technologies  
Ecotechnologies  
Participatory design,  
collaboration, accessibility  
Biomimicry, circularity,  
regeneration  
Note: Own elaboration based on the analysis of different manifestations of the technical pluriverse in diverse cultural  
contexts. Source: Pérez-Villafuerte, R. (2025)..  
Nature-Culture Axis  
An analysis of the dialogue between nature and culture revealed: 1) A challenge to the ontological  
divide: A critique of the conceptual boundary between nature and culture as a specific construct of Western  
modernity, 2) Multiplied Being: Recognition of the many ways in which humans can form relationships with  
nature (animism, totemism, naturalism, analogism), and 3) Transition Zones: Creation of spaces where human  
activities and ecological processes intertwine to create unique patterns.  
Figure 2  
The mapping of relational ontologies under Descolas analysis  
Note: Adapted from Descola (2013). Schematic representation of the four fundamental ontologies. Source: Pérez-  
Villafuerte, R. (2025).  
Science-Culture Axis  
The analysis of the dialogue between science and culture revealed: 1) Ecology of knowledge: Striking  
a balance between the recognition of the irreducible plurality of knowledge and its practical application, 2)  
Intercultural dialogue: Designing and initiating forms of dialogue that can facilitate relationships between  
different universes of meaning, and, 3) Citizens for Knowledge: An opportunity to create knowledge in a space  
where experiential wisdom and science blend equally.  
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Table 3  
Intercultural Dialogue of Knowledge  
Process  
Characteristics  
Concrete Examples  
Dialogue of knowledge  
Horizontal exchange among different  
forms of knowledge  
Incorporation of Indigenous  
knowledge into ecosystem  
management  
Epistemological  
hybridization  
Creation of new forms of knowledge  
through the integration of diverse  
traditions  
Agroecology as a combination of  
scientific agronomy and peasant  
knowledge  
Co-laboratory  
Spaces for collaborative experimentation  
between scientists and communities  
Citizen science projects for  
environmental monitoring  
Participatory mapping  
Collective construction of territorial  
representations  
Community-based mapping of  
socio-ecological resources and  
vulnerabilities  
Note: Own elaboration based on the analysis of intercultural translation processes identified in the research. Source: Pérez-  
Villafuerte, R. (2025).  
The Spectrum of Modern Sustainability Viewed Through Ecosystemic Logic  
An integrated examination of the four dialogical axes allows us to identify three main areas for new  
sustainable development: 1) Planetary Ethos: Based on a recognition that all forms of life are interconnected  
and interdependent, 2) Cognitive Justice: recognition and celebration of the diversity of forms of knowledge  
regarding how people live in the world, and, 3) Planetary Biocentrism: The recognition of the intrinsic values of  
life is one of the modes of pluralistic biocentrism. And it is human-centered.  
Discussion  
Ecosystemic Logos as a Response to the Civilizational Crisis  
The results of this research suggest that ecosystemic logos is a coherent epistemological response to the  
contemporary civilizational crisis as outlined in the introduction. As Morin (2006) noted, “Hyper-specialization  
obstructs a vision of the whole and the essential,” and the resulting fragmented knowledge is incapable of  
capturing current challenges.  
In this context, the ecosystemic logos emerges as an integrated proposal that transcends modern  
dichotomies and creates new conceptual maps. The relevance of this epistemological proposal is perhaps  
best illustrated by considering what Santos calls “interknowledge” (2009), that is, that “knowledge worthy of  
the name always occurs among knowledgeable people.” This dialogical perspective is quite different from the  
monological models of communication that have prevailed in modern science and that, as noted at the outset,  
have played “an important role in producing our current global socio-ecological crisis.”  
Implications for the Science-Nature Relationship  
Findings regarding the science-nature axis fundamentally challenge René Descartess division between  
person and object, which has dominated Western scientific thought for four centuries. This challenge  
corresponds to that of the “objectification of nature” raised in the introduction, and to the idea that Western  
naturalism is merely one ontology among many possible ontologies (Descola 2013).  
The emergence of an approach in which nature is regarded as a subject with whom to communicate  
marks a radical shift in scientific practice. This transformation corresponds to the “scientific consciousness of  
ecology” described in the introduction—according to Morin (2006), it is not merely a self-indulgent academic  
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exercise but also the realization that science has limitations and bears responsibility for our existence on  
Earth for future generations. The approach proposed by Berkes (2018), which integrates traditional ecological  
knowledge, offers a concrete example of this new dialogic exchange between science and nature. In this sense,  
from the perspective of Western science, it is the first time in history that we are beginning to understand some  
important facts about ecosystem dynamics.  
Tensions and Contradictions at the Technology-Culture Interface  
The spirit of inquiry at the technology-culture interface reveals tremendous tensions between thinking  
that follows technological determinism and the most extreme forms of social constructivism. It is these tensions  
that point to what Yuk Hui (2019) calls “cosmotekhnika: The process of materializing specific cosmoses in  
technology,” a concept that transcends the one-sided view of technology as either an autonomous entity or a  
mere social product.  
With this dialogical approach working within this perspective, we agree here with Bratton (2016), who  
argues that new metastructures are emerging around technical infrastructures: “...metastructures that mix  
and recompose humans with non-humans.” The emergence of new metastructures inevitably leads to new  
forms of governance and control. As a result, this poses new ethical and political challenges for all of us. The  
emergence of the concept of the “technical pluriverse” (Escobar, 2018) in these findings thus establishes a  
new horizon for considering technology from the perspective of cultural diversity. This concept critiques the  
so-called universality and neutrality of traditional technologies and offers opportunities for the development  
of technical artifacts that adapt to the particular needs and values of each society, as suggested by Lagunas  
Vázquez (2021) from a transdisciplinary perspective.  
Cognitive Justice: The Foundation of Sustainable Development  
The findings related to the nature-culture axis confirm Descolas (2013) critique of “the great ontological  
divide”: the separation between the human world and the rest of Nature. This emerges as an idiosyncrasy of  
Western naturalist ontology that is rooted in history. The relational ontologies found in the results also propose  
concrete alternatives to this chasm, as noted by Castro-Díaz et al. (2022), each of which recognizes that non-  
human agents help shape the world. From this perspective, life itself shifts the dramatic South, giving us a new  
meaning: “life is just a long series of connections in which an event (or occurrence) is right in between.”  
The concept of “hybrid territorialities” identified in the results directly responds to Latours (2007) idea  
of “hybrid assemblages”—situations in which human and non-human agents interact together to produce  
complex sociopolitical ecologies. This concept is particularly important in the Anthropocene era, where human  
influence reaches virtually every ecosystem on Earth.  
Cognitive Justice: The Foundation of Sustainable Development  
Analysis of the science-culture axis reveals that cognitive justice lies at the heart of genuine sustainability  
projects. This form of justice, presented by Santos (2009), is a necessary condition for any genuine project of  
social justice; it challenges the hierarchies of knowledge that have placed Western scientific knowledge at the  
top and other forms of knowing and being in the world.  
But the “ecology of knowledge” highlighted in the results does indeed offer an indispensable general  
framework for rethinking the relationship between scientific knowledge and cultural diversity. This perspective  
acknowledges, as stated in the introduction, that “knowledge worthy of the name has always been inter-  
knowledge.” No system of knowledge can be reduced to another without significant loss.  
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“Intercultural translation” processes emerge as essential tools for facilitating dialogue between different  
universes of meaning. As Castro-Díaz et al. (2022) argued, translation is an integral part of the work of biologists  
and anthropologists; these processes take on particular vitality in fields where cultural diversity conflicts with  
ecology, as in Latin America.  
Emergent Cartographies as Tools for Reorienting Knowledge  
This fundamental epistemological framework represented by the emergent cartographies in the results  
is a mechanism for going beyond the scientific concept of socio-ecological systems and provides a broader  
lens through which to interpret the modern world. Moving away from linear ideas of relationships, these  
cartographies represent a shift toward non-linear thinking: they are networked, like rhizomes, or fractals, and  
can represent multiple levels of organization along non-linear paths.  
As noted by Castro-Diaz et al. (2022), such visual representations illustrate “key control points where a  
small intervention can produce major systemic changes.” Identifying these critical points is crucial in contexts  
of systemic crisis, where resources are scarce and strategic interventions are required. Participatory mapping,  
in particular, offers valuable approaches to territorial understanding by integrating diverse types of knowledge.  
According to the study by Arenas-Monreal et al. (2015) on community health, these participatory mappings.  
Horizons of Sustainability and Planetary Ethics  
Expose socio-environmental determinants invisible to conventional technical analysis. Looking toward  
the future of sustainability, the horizons mentioned in these results go beyond technical or methodological  
dimensions and position ethics as a crossroads for interdisciplinary dialogue. The proposal for a planetary  
ethics grounded in the realization of this fundamental mutual dependence responds to what Hans Jonas  
(1984) saw as the need for new moral principles in the face of humanitys technical powers.  
This ethics of the planet is grounded in the idea that “human well-being is not separate from the well-  
being of the ecological systems in which it flourishes,” as noted by Arenas-Monreal et al. (2015). An ecosystemic  
perspective on health rules out any artificial separation between humans and other types of life systems.  
Valles normative framework for biocentrism takes on a pluralistic character, in line with Plumwoods  
(2002) view that rejects both hierarchical anthropocentrism—which is ethically unacceptable—and generalized  
biocentric egalitarianism, which reduces nature to an abstraction rather than respecting individual creatures.  
By emphasizing both the commonality and the differences among various forms of life, this perspective offers  
a particularly fertile ground for ethical reflection on how interspecies relationships should be restructured from  
a standpoint of pure reciprocity and mutual aid.  
Limitations and Future Challenges  
Although ecological logos holds transformative potential, it also faces clear limitations and challenges.  
The first is the immense difficulty of putting these epistemological frameworks into practical action within an  
institutional context that remains dominated by fragmented discursive logics. Todays academic, political, and  
economic structures tend to resist transdisciplinary approaches that break down established boundaries.  
Second, transforming these conceptual frameworks into actual operational methodologies requires  
extensive experimentation and validation across different settings. The new cartographies promised by the  
above could indeed be useful tools, but they still need to be tested in the field as mechanisms for constructive  
dialogue between different forms of knowledge.  
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Finally, the proposal for an ecosystemic logos faces the challenge of not becoming a new totalizing  
metanarrative. As Stengers (2018) has urged, we need an “ecology of practices” that recognizes the unique  
pluralism present in all the different ways of being—without attempting to assimilate them all into a system  
that would instantly give rise to so many new ways of epistemologically excluding its own Creation.  
Conclusions  
Interdisciplinary dialogues between science, technology, and nature with culture form the boundaries  
of a radical ecosystemic intelligibility: an emerging way of understanding and inhabiting this world that, for  
better or worse, transcends those old dichotomies of Western modernity. A new complex rationality, horizons  
of sustainability waiting to be built against the backdrop of a civilizational crisis.  
The ecosystemic logos of these dialogues is not a closed system or a new overarching metanarrative,  
but rather an open space for conversation among vastly different forms of knowledge and life that have yet  
to coexist without translating one another. As Isabelle Stengers (2018) proposes, we need an “ecology of  
practices” that recognizes, without hierarchizing, the incommensurable pluralism of modes of existence.  
The emerging cartographies we have explored offer ways to navigate this complexity; tools to make  
visible connections, tensions, and possibilities at the interfaces across various knowledge systems. These  
mappings do not merely seek to depict pre-existing landscapes, but to participate in the ongoing creation of  
new ways of thinking and acting.  
Sustainability means building horizons from the ecosystemic logos, which does not conceive of  
sustainability as a final state to be attained, but rather as a continuous process of conversation, learning, and  
transformation. As Barth et al. (2023) have demonstrated, transdisciplinary learning is a lever for meaningful  
transformations, providing a space where different perspectives can engage in productive dialogue with one  
another.  
At a historical moment marked by multiple overlapping crises, the ecosystemic logos offers us not  
only analytical tools for understanding complexity, but also ethical and political resources for imagining  
and beginning to realize more just and sustainable worlds. As Morin (2006) notes, we need an “ethics of  
understanding” that is both realistic and attuned to human needs, mindful of our intrinsic interdependence  
and the shared responsibility that all living beings on Earth bear for its future.  
The radical ecosystemic intelligibility emerging from these interdisciplinary dialogues calls for a new  
sensibility. What is needed is to keep the doors open even in the face of surprise and uncertainty; to remember  
the limits of human knowledge without faltering in our quest for understanding. Perhaps this is where our  
future lies—the most precious thing that ecosystemic logos, as horizons of sustainability, can offer to the  
people living in this century.  
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References  
Arenas-Monreal, L., Cortez-Lugo, M., Parada-Toro, I., Pacheco-Magaña, L. E., & Magaña-Valladares, L. (2015).  
org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005842  
Barth, M., Jiménez-Aceituno, A., Lam, D. P., Bürgener, L., & Lang, D. J. (2023). Transdisciplinary learning as a key  
leverage for sustainability transformations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 64, 101361.  
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101361 Berkes, F. (2018). Sacred ecology (4th ed.). Routledge.  
Bratton, B. H. (2016). The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty. MIT Press.  
Capra, F., & Luisi, P. L. (2014). The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision. Cambridge University Press.  
Castro-Díaz, R., Delgado, L. E., Langle-Flores, A., Perevochtchikova, M., & Marín, V. H. (2022). A systematic  
review of social participation in ecosystem services studies in Latin America from a transdisciplinary  
perspective, 1996–2020. Science of The Total Environment, 828, 154523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.  
scitotenv.2022.154523  
Descola, P. (2013). Beyond nature and culture. University of Chicago Press.  
Escobar, A. (2018). Designs for the pluriverse: Radical interdependence, autonomy, and the making of worlds.  
Duke University Press.  
Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial  
and contingency. Rowman & Littlefield International.  
Jonas, H. (1984). The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age. University  
of Chicago Press.  
Lagunas Vázquez, M. (2021). Transdisciplinarity as a useful tool for addressing socio-environmental phenomena  
from the social sciences. In VII Latin American Meeting on Social Science Methodology (ELMECS).  
Latour, B. (2007). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.  
Morin, E. (2006). The Sixth Method: Ethics. Cátedra.  
Morin, E. (2007). Introduction to Complex Thought. Gedisa.  
Plumwood, V. (2002). Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason. Routledge.  
Santos, B. (2009). An epistemology of the South: The reinvention of knowledge and social emancipation. Siglo  
XXI.  
Stengers, I. (2018). Another Science Is Possible: A Manifesto for Slow Science. Polity Press.  
Tsing, A. L. (2015). The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton  
University Press.  
Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Eva Mascaró (University of Guayaquil) for the academic translation of this  
manuscript into English.  
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0197-714X  
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Neurodiversity in the academic iniverse. STEAM as the spaceship and comics as the  
compass  
Neurodiversidad en el universo académico: STEAM como nave y el cómic como brújula  
1Raquel del Valle Peña Peinado  
Elias Calixto Pompa University Institute of Technology. Guatire, Venezuela.  
Received date: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 26/04/2026  
Abstract  
Current times demand an educational prism that is transformative for true inclusion in university spaces  
where neurodivergent students coexist. This social commitment is addressed through hermeneutic research  
of theoretical-philosophical content, framed within the research line: Integrative and Inclusive Educational  
Strategies from a Trans-complex Kaleidoscope. The metaphor of the “Knowledge Universe” conceives the  
university as a multidimensional cosmos where each student is an explorer with unique cognitive abilities. The  
STEAM approach constitutes the spaceship for this journey, offering multiple points of entry to knowledge  
through its interdisciplinary nature. Complementarily, the comic functions as a visual navigation chart,  
providing a sequential structure that facilitates the decoding of complex content, reduces anxiety, and clarifies  
academic expectations. The proposal transcends the adaptive model to redesign the learning ecosystem  
based on the appreciation of cognitive diversity, allowing for the construction of collective knowledge. It  
concludes by highlighting the need for institutional policies that strengthen this inclusive approach, essential  
for contemporary higher education.  
Keywords: inclusion, learning, strategies, transcomplexity, university.  
Resumen  
Los tiempos actuales exigen un prisma educativo transformador para una verdadera inclusión en los espacios  
universitarios donde conviven estudiantes neurodivergentes. Este compromiso social se aborda mediante  
investigación hermenéutica de contenido teórico-filosófico, enmarcada en la línea de investigación:  
estrategias educativas integradoras e inclusivas desde un caleidoscopio transcomplejo. La metáfora del  
“Universo del Conocimiento” concibe la universidad como cosmos multidimensional donde cada estudiante  
es un explorador con capacidades cognitivas únicas. El enfoque STEAM constituye la nave espacial de  
este viaje, ofreciendo múltiples puntos de entrada al conocimiento mediante su carácter interdisciplinario.  
Complementariamente, el cómic funciona como carta de navegación visual, proporcionando estructura  
secuencial que facilita la decodificación de contenidos complejos, reduce la ansiedad y clarifica expectativas  
académicas. La propuesta trasciende el modelo adaptativo para rediseñar el ecosistema de aprendizaje desde  
la valoración de la diversidad cognitiva, permitiendo la construcción del conocimiento colectivo. Se concluye  
destacando la necesidad de políticas institucionales que fortalezcan este enfoque inclusivo esencial para la  
educación superior contemporánea.  
Palabras clave: aprendizaje, estrategias, inclusión, universidad y transcomplejidad.  
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Introduction  
Contemporary higher education faces the imperative to move beyond a homogenizing paradigm  
toward a learning ecosystem that recognizes and values cognitive diversity. Neurodivergent students—those  
with conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or  
specific learning difficulties—often encounter significant barriers within traditional instructional approaches,  
which can limit their full participation and academic success. This reality calls for educators to develop new  
competencies and adapt their teaching practices, acknowledging that each brain processes and learns at its  
own pace.  
In the Latin American context, the inclusion of neurodivergent students in university settings presents an  
even greater challenge. Institutions have been slow to respond to growing social demands for more inclusive  
practices, often attempting to “normalize” students rather than embracing and valuing their differences  
(Amador et al., 2021).  
In response to this need, this article proposes a holistic, integrative, and complementary strategic  
framework based on the metaphor of the “Knowledge Universe.” Within this framework, the STEAM  
methodology (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) functions as the spacecraft, while  
the comic serves as a stellar navigation chart. Together, these tools are designed to empower neurodivergent  
students throughout their academic journey.  
It is essential to move beyond labeling and instead foster classroom practices that address individual  
learning needs. As noted by Judy Singer, who originally coined the term neurodiversity, this concept was not  
intended as a mere diagnostic category, but rather as a political and social construct grounded in the principles  
of biodiversity and intersectionality. Drawing from her personal experience as a neurodivergent woman with  
autistic traits and ADHD, Singer emphasizes that neurodiversity represents a natural variation in human brain  
functioning, analogous to biological diversity. She challenges interpretations that reduce it to a euphemism for  
“normality” or confine it within a deficit-based medical framework.  
This perspective supports the reconceptualization of the university as a cognitively diverse ecosystem,  
where each students unique mental architecture does not require “correction,” but rather an educational  
design that values diverse ways of processing and contributing to knowledge. Furthermore, Singers critique  
of the commodification of the neurodiversity movement—and its appropriation by corporate interests—  
highlights the risk of institutions adopting neurodiversity as an empty slogan, without implementing meaningful  
transformations in their pedagogical structures.  
Finally, Singers vision of a well-being system centered on individual needs rather than labels aligns  
directly with the proposed flexible STEAM–comic model. This approach enables each “cognitive explorer”  
to navigate the universe of knowledge through tools and scaffolding that honor their uniqueness, moving  
beyond rigid categorical frameworks.  
Neurodivergent students can be understood as epistemic agents with differentiated cognitive capacities  
within the academic cosmos. Their engagement with knowledge follows legitimate neurofunctional patterns  
rather than pathological ones. From the philosophical perspective of Judy Singer (1998), who introduced  
the concept of neurodiversity, these differences represent another expression of natural human variation,  
analogous to ecological biodiversity.  
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For instance, a student with ADHD may exhibit what can be described, in Deleuzian terms, as rhizomatic  
cognition—an ability to establish transversal connections across disciplinary domains. At the same time, such  
learners may benefit from temporal and structural scaffolding to sustain executive attention (Jordán & Vergara,  
2020). Similarly, autistic students often demonstrate a remarkable hermeneutic capacity to decode complex  
systems and abstract patterns; however, they may experience uncoded social interactions as disruptive semiotic  
interference. Consequently, their development is better supported through predictable environments and  
visual supports that function as cognitive-social prostheses (Lobos et al., 2024).  
The social model of disability, reinterpreted through the lens of liberation philosophy proposed by  
Enrique Dussel (2011), shifts the focus from the “remediation” of the student toward a decolonial redesign  
of the educational ecosystem. Within this framework, pedagogical tools, pathways, and structures must be  
configured to enable a plurality of cognitive styles to flourish and co-construct knowledge, in line with the  
principles of the pedagogy of autonomy advanced by Paulo Freire (1997).  
This perspective also resonates with the epistemologies of the South articulated by Boaventura de  
Sousa Santos (2010), which recognize the value of subaltern knowledges and diverse forms of embodied  
consciousness. From this standpoint, neurodiversity is not framed as a limitation, but rather as a condition of  
possibility for educational innovation, particularly within a Latin American perspective.  
Methods  
This study adopts a theoretical–philosophical hermeneutic approach as its central method, aimed  
at uncovering the deeper meanings and conceptual structures underlying neurodivergent inclusion in the  
university context. Rather than limiting itself to a conventional literature review, this approach advances  
toward a dialectical interpretation that connects the analyzed theoretical frameworks with lived educational  
experience. It is situated within the research line Integrative and Inclusive Educational Strategies from a Trans-  
complex Perspective.  
Transcomplexity, understood as an epistemological horizon, enables the study to move beyond  
fragmented views of knowledge and to conceive education as a dynamic, interdependent system in constant  
reconfiguration. From this standpoint, the research does not seek linear answers; instead, it aims to weave  
meaningful relationships among neurodiversity, the STEAM approach, and the use of comics as tools for  
cognitive and affective mediation.  
The hermeneutic process was carried out in three interrelated phases:  
1. Contextual immersion phase: A comprehensive review of specialized literature was conducted,  
focusing on neuroeducation, inclusive pedagogies, STEAM education, and visual narratives, with  
particular attention to the Latin American context. This phase enabled the identification of key  
tensions, gaps, and potentialities in the theoretical and practical articulation of neurodivergent  
inclusion.  
2. Relational interpretation phase: Through an emergent categorical analysis, connections were  
established among authors, pedagogical approaches, and documented experiences. The aim  
was not merely comparative, but interpretive—building conceptual bridges that deepen the  
understanding of the educational phenomenon under study.  
3. Transcomplex synthesis phase: The partial interpretations were integrated into a coherent and  
theoretically grounded proposal, in which the metaphor of the “Knowledge Universe” operates as  
an integrative meta-model capable of embracing the diversity of voices, knowledges, and cognitive  
modalities present in the university classroom.  
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This methodological pathway does not seek generalization; rather, it aims for an in-depth and nuanced  
understanding of a complex educational phenomenon. It assumes that all interpretation is situated, partial,  
and open to future reinterpretations. From a transcomplex perspective, hermeneutics thus emerges as a  
guiding compass for navigating the multidimensional nature of educational inclusion in the 21st century.  
Results  
The implementation of the STEAM–comic neuroinclusive model generates measurable transformations  
that extend beyond academic outcomes, reconfiguring the university ecosystem through a logic of cognitive  
navigability and affective educational mapping. These results can be interpreted as milestones within the  
exploratory journey of the “Knowledge Universe”:  
1. Increased participation of neurodivergent students  
The STEAM “spacecraft,” with its multiple entry points and modes of interaction, enables a greater  
number of neurodivergent students to actively engage in the academic journey. Multimodal strategies function  
as systems of cognitive alignment, recognizing and valuing diverse styles of mental navigation.  
As demonstrated by Zavala and Becerra (2024), “a multimodal approach can facilitate the integration  
of technologies in teaching, thereby improving educational quality and teaching performance” (p. 17). This  
finding highlights how the universal design of the “STEAM spacecraft” responds to the diversity of “cognitive  
vessels” undertaking the educational journey.  
From a philosophical perspective, this aligns with the ethics of recognition proposed by Axel Honneth  
(1995), where inclusive education represents a form of reciprocal affirmation of cognitive differences. In this  
regard, Espiter Villa (2021, p. 3), drawing on Honneths framework, explains that reification can be understood  
as a forgetting of recognition grounded in three interconnected dimensions. From a Heideggerian perspective,  
it emphasizes the primacy of the precognitive, where interactive experiences constitute the condition of  
possibility for cognitive development. From the standpoint of developmental psychology, it argues that  
subjectivity is formed through symbiotic relationships with significant others who demand recognition, and  
whose disregard produces moral fractures. Finally, experiences of dispossession, violence, or dishonor give  
rise to social struggles aimed at constructing an ethical framework that enables individual self-realization  
within a universal normative order based on mutual recognition.  
Therefore, the multimodal STEAM design not only accommodates but also epistemically celebrates  
the diversity of minds, positioning itself as a practice of cognitive justice (De Sousa Santos, 2014). In this  
regard, Mandujano (2015, p. 194), drawing on the work of Boaventura de Sousa Santos, highlights that his  
central claim is grounded in a dual conviction: first, that the understanding of the world extends far beyond  
the limits imposed by Western epistemology; and second, that human diversity manifests in infinitely plural  
ways of being, thinking, and feeling. This includes alternative conceptions of time, relationality, and knowledge  
production, thereby validating multiple ways of inhabiting the “universe of knowledge.”  
The Theory of Mind (ToM), understood as the capacity to infer the mental states of others, finds in  
comics an especially effective medium for its development and application in educational contexts. Graphic  
narratives, by visually representing characters’ intentions, emotions, and beliefs through facial expressions,  
gestures, and sequential action, function as visual scaffolds that externalize typically implicit mental processes.  
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This is particularly valuable for neurodivergent students who experience challenges related to ToM—  
such as some individuals on the autism spectrum—since they can decode these mental states through the  
explicit visual cues that comics provide in a structured manner (Zapata-Téllez et al., 2021).  
The STEAM approach further expands this potential by integrating Theory of Mind (ToM) and comics  
within a multidimensional learning ecosystem. For example:  
Arts (A) and Sciences (S): The creation of comics based on scientific concepts enables students not  
only to understand disciplinary content, but also to engage ToM by representing the perspectives  
of different actors (e.g., a historical scientist or a character addressing an environmental issue).  
Technology (T) and Engineering (E): Designing interactive digital comics, where user decisions  
influence the narrative, fosters perspective-taking and the anticipation of others’ reactions—key  
competencies associated with ToM.  
Mathematics (M): Presenting mathematical problems in comic format can incorporate characters  
with motivations and conflicts, thereby integrating logical reasoning with socio-emotional  
understanding.  
The intersection of Theory of Mind (ToM), comics, and STEAM thus creates a pedagogical space in  
which cognitive diversity becomes an asset. In this context, students not only acquire disciplinary knowledge  
but also develop socio-emotional competencies through a medium that respects diverse processing styles,  
while simultaneously promoting educational inclusion from a multimodal and neuroaffirmative perspective.  
2. Comics as a Multimodal Narrative Technology  
Comics have moved beyond their traditional perception as a form of entertainment to become a  
strategically valuable educational tool within higher education. As demonstrated by Becerra-Romero et al.  
(2023) in their study on the implementation of the “Comic Corner” at the Library of Education Sciences of the  
ULPGC, comics possess “broad potential for the development of key competencies and direct applications in  
teaching and research” (p. 2).  
This study highlights how the integration of comics into higher education settings responds to their  
capacity to structure knowledge in a visual and sequential manner, thereby facilitating complex learning  
processes through a dialectical synthesis of image and text that functions as cognitive scaffolding. The  
versatility of comics as a multimodal narrative technology extends beyond the educational sphere, positioning  
them as impactful resources in communicative and therapeutic contexts.  
The report by Verified Market Reports (2023) documents this multifaceted expansion, noting their  
growing application in “education, marketing, and mental health” as evidence of their sociocultural relevance  
(see Figure 1). This cross-sector applicability reinforces the argument advanced by Becerra-Romero et al.  
(2023) regarding the semiotic value of images as an “essential element in the creation and transmission of  
information” (p. 1), now extended to new contexts of use.  
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Figure 1  
Market research report on comics (comic books) by type, application, region, and forecast, 2023–2030  
Source: Verified Market Reports. (2023)  
The convergence of these sources—academic and market-based—reveals the consolidation of comics  
as a hermeneutic device with transdisciplinary scope. In this regard, the experience of University of Las Palmas  
de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) demonstrates their effectiveness as a structured didactic resource within formal  
educational settings, while market data confirm their adaptability across diverse social domains. Together,  
these perspectives validate the conceptualization of comics as tools for cognitive mediation and complex  
communication in contemporary society.  
Furthermore, it is important to highlight that contemporary Hispano-American comics have  
moved beyond their traditional role as entertainment, establishing themselves as a medium for narrative  
experimentation and sensory experience. This evolution expands their pedagogical potential within inclusive  
educational environments. Research compiled in the monograph indicates that comics are no longer confined  
to classical sequentiality, but instead explore formats that engage multisensory and embodied dimensions  
(Hague, 2014; Szép, 2020, as cited in Cabero & González, 2024). These authors further argue that:  
Within experimental comics, the use of narrative multilinearity, the disruption of sequential  
structure, and the creative use of the page—through form, layout, color, and visual elements—as  
a representational resource invite readers to reconsider how graphic narratives are approached.  
These features challenge conventional reading practices by blurring the boundaries between  
artistic and literary forms (p. 10).  
Building on the above, this perspective aligns with the creation of diversified neurocognitive pathways  
within the classroom. In addition, there is a growing body of academic interest in comics as a medium for  
representing marginalized experiences and non-hegemonic identities, reinforcing their value as tools for  
epistemic justice and identity recognition in university contexts. This capacity of comics to give voice to  
situated and diverse experiences makes them particularly well suited for designing learning environments that  
celebrate—rather than merely accommodate—neurodiversity.  
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Finally, formal experimentation with narrative multilinearity, the disruption of sequential structures, and  
the expressive use of the page offers flexible scaffolding that can reduce anxiety associated with extended  
linear tasks, particularly benefiting students with ADHD or ASD. This confirms that comics are not merely  
a didactic resource, but a versatile narrative technology with the potential to pedagogically redesign the  
“Knowledge Universe.”  
3. Reducing Evaluation Anxiety through Visual Scripts in the Latin American University Context  
In the Latin American university context, where pedagogical transitions from traditional models to  
inclusive approaches often generate uncertainty among neurodivergent populations, comics function as  
technologies of participation. They embody the principle of problem-posing education proposed by Paulo  
Freire (1970), transforming assessment from a mere instrument of measurement into a tool for cognitive  
dialogue.  
From the perspective of the ecology of knowledges advanced by Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2018),  
visual scripts can be understood as a form of intercultural translation between hegemonic academic languages  
and the diverse cognitive processing styles present in Latin American university classrooms. This approach  
aligns with the principles of the pedagogy of autonomy (Freire, 1996), where the clarification of expectations  
through graphic narratives strengthens student agency and reduces the asymmetry inherent in traditional  
assessment processes.  
Los organizadores gráficos constituyen herramientas de mediación cognitiva que permiten procesar,  
estructurarypriorizarinformacióncomplejamedianteoperacionesmentalescomolaclasificación, comparación  
y detección de patrones conceptuales. Estas herramientas se convierten en andamios neurocognitivos  
fundamentales para la práctica docente, al facilitar que el estudiante construya conocimiento de manera  
sintetizada, accesible y significativa (López-Martínez, 2023).  
En el contexto de la neurodiversidad universitaria, estas herramientas operan como sistemas de  
decodificación visual que se alinean perfectamente con la metáfora del “Universo del Conocimiento.”  
Así como el cómic funciona como brújula narrativa, los organizadores gráficos actúan como cartografías  
cognitivas que permiten a estudiantes neurodivergentes navegar territorios académicos complejos mediante  
representaciones espaciales que reducen la carga cognitiva y potencian la metacognición.  
This approach is closely aligned with the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), in which  
multimodal representation—particularly through visual structures—provides alternative entry points to  
knowledge. These are especially valuable for students with ADHD, autism, or dyslexia, who often process  
information predominantly through visual-spatial channels.  
It is important to emphasize that graphic organizers function as tools of cognitive mediation, enabling  
learners to process, structure, and prioritize complex information through mental operations such as  
classification, comparison, and the identification of conceptual patterns. As such, these tools become essential  
neurocognitive scaffolds in teaching practice, facilitating the construction of knowledge in ways that are  
synthesized, accessible, and meaningful (López-Martínez, 2023).  
Within the context of neurodiversity in higher education, these tools operate as systems of visual  
decoding that align closely with the metaphor of the “Knowledge Universe.” Just as comics function as a  
narrative compass, graphic organizers act as cognitive maps that enable neurodivergent students to navigate  
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complex academic territories through spatial representations that reduce cognitive load and enhance  
metacognition. This approach is also consistent with the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL),  
where multimodal representation—particularly through visual structures—provides alternative entry points to  
knowledge. These are especially valuable for students with ADHD, autism, or dyslexia, who tend to process  
information predominantly through visual-spatial channels.  
Discussion  
The results validate the effectiveness of the STEAM–comic neuroinclusive model as a transformative  
pedagogical ecosystem capable of reconfiguring the university experience through the recognition  
and appreciation of cognitive diversity. The metaphor of the “Knowledge Universe” is substantiated by  
demonstrating how the STEAM approach—conceived as a multidimensional spacecraft—facilitates multiple  
entry points to knowledge, acknowledging diverse cognitive styles and fostering active and meaningful  
participation among neurodivergent students.  
Complementarily, comics—functioning as a visual compass—not only help structure complex content  
and reduce anxiety associated with academic tasks, but also contribute to the development of socio-cognitive  
skills such as Theory of Mind. At the same time, they operate as tools of epistemic justice by making visible  
non-hegemonic narratives.  
This dual approach moves beyond mere methodological adaptation to establish a learning ecology  
grounded in universal design, multimodality, and reciprocal recognition, where neurodiversity is positioned as  
an epistemological value rather than a deficit to be compensated.  
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References  
Espiter Villa, V. M. (2021). La teoría del reconocimiento de Axel Honneth: un bosquejo moral de las  
org/10.15332/25005375.6372  
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogía del oprimido. Siglo XXI Editores.Freire Paulo - Pedagogía del Oprimido.pdf  
Freire, P. (1996). Pedagogía de la autonomía. Paz e Terra.Pedagogía de la Autonomía Freire.pdf - Google Drive  
Jordán, F. R., & Vergara, C. C. (2020). Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en niños y  
rnp.v83i3.3794  
Lobos, E. O., Ortega, A. A., Palacios, E. M., & Román, H. G. (2024). Inclusión de los estudiantes neurodivergentes  
en Educación Superior, una mirada desde la perspectiva de docentes y estudiantes. Ciencia y Educación,  
López-Martínez, S. E. (2023). Organizadores gráficos para el desarrollo de la metacognición y el pensamiento  
crihect-9-17-99.pdf  
Mandujano, M., (2015). Epistemologías del Sur. Boaventura de Sousa Santos. (Boulder, Co., Paradigm  
Publishers, 2014). Boaventura de Sousa Santos y Maria Paula Meneses (coords.). (Madrid, Akal, 2014).  
REIS. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (152), 193-197.  
ReyCabero,E.del,&GonzálezHernández,G.(2024).Experimentaciónyexperienciaenelcómichispanoamericano  
Segovia, B. (2012). La adquisición de la competencia narrativa a través del cómic en la Escuela Primaria. Revista  
Complutense de Educación, 23(2), 375-399. DOI: 10.5209/rev_RCED.2012.v23.n2.40034  
Singer, J. (2022.). ¿Qué es la Neurodiversidad y el Movimiento de la Neurodiversidad? [Video]. YouTube.  
Zapata-Téllez, J., Ortega-Ortiz, H., Becerra-Palars, C., & Flores-Ramos, M. (2021). Teoría de la mente: una  
aproximación teórica. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología / Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology, 15(1),  
Zavala Guevara, L., & Sanjuanero Becerra, R. (2024). Estrategias Digitales de Enseñanza: Evaluación de un  
Sistema Didáctico Multimodal: Digital Teaching Strategies: Evaluation of a Multimodal Didactic System  
in the Context of Higher Secondary Education. LATAM Revista Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales  
Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Ingrid Urgiles (University of Guayaquil) for the academic translation of this  
manuscript into English.  
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Critical dialogues in complex systems. Epistemic-educational redefinition from  
philosophical didactics  
Diálogos críticos en sistemas complejos. Redefinición epistémico-educativa desde la  
didáctica filosófica  
1Karleny Isabel Macías Rojas  
Libertador Experimental Pedagogical University. Caracas, Venezuela.  
Received date: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 26/04/2026  
Abstract  
This article proposes a radical redefinition of education through Philosophical Didactics, challenging Cartesian  
and colonial paradigms that fragment knowledge. Confronting instrumental rationality and necropolitics —  
which mark certain bodies and knowledges as disposable— it articulates a decolonizing pedagogy that reclaims  
marginalized epistemologies (such as the Andean sumak kawsay or African Ubuntu), destabilizing modern  
individualism and advocating an ethics of interdependence. Methodologically grounded in philosophical  
hermeneutics, the theoretical framework integrates Morin (complexity as dialogue of irreducible tensions),  
Freire (education as a political act of liberation), and De Sousa Santos (ecology of knowledges) to transcend  
educational homogenization. Philosophical Didactics emerges as a praxis of the impossible: a hermeneutic  
art that inhabits chaos, challenges epistemic hierarchies, and coconstructs knowledge from the margins. By  
merging critique and hope, the text redefines education as a metabolic act that sows alternative futures —a  
ritual of resistance where the classroom becomes a space for cognitive justice, biocultural reciprocity, and the  
memory of the excluded. Thus, it transcends enlightened neutrality to become an ethical ferment of possible  
worlds.  
Keywords: critical dialogues, complex systems, philosophical didactics.  
Resumen  
Este artículo propone una redefinición radical de la educación desde la Didáctica Filosófica, cuestionando  
los paradigmas cartesianos y coloniales que fragmentan el saber, frente a la racionalidad instrumental y la  
necropolítica que marcan ciertos cuerpos y saberes como desechables, se articula una pedagogía de la  
descolonización que recupera epistemologías marginadas, desestabilizando el individualismo moderno y  
proponiendo una ética de interdependencia. Esta producción deviene desde una hermenéutica filosofía que  
permitió metodológicamente configurar el entramado teórico que integra a Morin (complejidad como diálogo  
de tensiones irreductibles), Freire (educación como acto político de liberación) y De Sousa Santos (ecología  
de saberes), para superar la homogeneización educativa. La Didáctica Filosófica se revela como praxis de  
lo imposible, un arte hermenéutico que habita el caos, cuestiona jerarquías epistémicas y co-construye  
conocimientos desde los márgenes. Al fusionar crítica y esperanza, el texto redefine la educación como acto  
metabólico que siembra futuros alternativos; es decir, un ritual de resistencia donde el aula deviene espacio  
para justicia cognitiva, reciprocidad biocultural y memoria de los excluidos. Así, trasciende la neutralidad  
ilustrada para erigirse en fermento ético de mundos posibles.  
Palabras clave: diálogos críticos, sistema complejo, didáctica filosófica.  
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Introduction  
In the complex and multifaceted context of the labyrinth of late modernity, education faces a fundamental  
dilemma that places its essential functions in tension: on the one hand, the uncritical and almost automatic  
reproduction of hegemonic paradigms that sustain established power structures; and on the other, the urgent  
need for collective emancipation that problematizes, questions, and transforms these dominant schemes. This  
critical juncture raises a radical and profoundly philosophical question, situated at the heart of philosophical  
didactics: is it feasible to reimagine educational praxis not as a mere act of content transmission, but as a  
conscious and deliberate act of epistemic resistance?  
This questioning invites us to rethink education from a perspective that transcends the neutrality  
traditionally attributed to the classroom and teaching-learning processes. Epistemic resistance, in this sense,  
is configured as the capacity to confront and dismantle the official and hegemonic modes of knowledge  
production and circulation that have historically been used to reproduce social and political hierarchies by  
promoting alternative, critical, and plural knowledges. Therefore, philosophical didactics must then assume a  
strategically subversive role, turning educational praxis into a space where rigorous dialogue, critical reflection,  
and epistemological self-awareness become tools for the decolonization of thought and the recovery of  
cognitive agency of learning subjects.  
Likewise, this reimagining must integrate and articulate ethical and political dimensions, understanding  
that education shapes subjects from a cognitive point of view, contributing to the formation of identities,  
values, and capacities for transformative action. In this sense, educational praxis implies a profound  
commitment to epistemological justice, the recognition of epistemic diversity, and the democratization of  
access to knowledges that legitimize the experiences and knowledge of subaltern, marginalized, or silenced  
groups by dominant discourse.  
Thus, philosophical didactics responds to the challenge of late modernity by proposing a critical  
pedagogy that interrogates installed certainties, promotes constant questioning, and enables an educational  
practice that is, in itself, a liberating and revolutionary act. From these considerations, the radical question  
about the possibility of an educational praxis as epistemic resistance opens new paths for theoretical  
reflection, demanding concrete innovations in methodologies, curricula, and pedagogical relationships aimed  
at strengthening critical autonomy and active participation of learners.  
This vision reveals itself as a critical manifesto that, from the foundations of philosophical didactics,  
interrogates the complex systems that configure and constrain teaching-learning processes. In such a way that  
the intention goes beyond a critical analysis, reaching a deeply disruptive approach, from the decolonizing  
search of the pedagogical imaginary through a critical dialogue that recognizes education as an ontological  
battlefield; an approach based firstly on the postulates of Morin (1990), in his principle of dialogics, warning that  
“every complex system harbors irreducible tensions”; and on the ideas of Freire (1970), from the pedagogy of  
the oppressed, recalling that teaching is a political act of re-existence; however, this approach transcends the  
limit of a theoretical synthesis by invoking Giroux (1988) and his critique of instrumental rationality that reduces  
education to technical simplicity at the service of capital, or the paradigm of complexity and its transdisciplinary  
commitment that dissolves the boundaries between knowledges to think the improbable.  
Under this panorama, the article unfolds a critical cartography that exposes how educational systems  
have operated as homogenizing devices, denying situated knowledges and epistemologies of the South. This  
act deploys complexity as a gesture of insubordination; that is, a call to overflow the limits of the sayable, to  
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weave dialogic networks where knowledge surpasses imposition, co-constructing from the tension between the  
local and the global, the singular and the collective. This perspective questions the colinearity of knowledge,  
activating an epistemology of languor, where learning intertwines with the memory of the excluded and the  
urgency of knowing justice. It is, in short, an act of rebellion against the monocultural logic that hijacks the  
transformative potential of education in this present era.  
Ultimately, this text transforms into a Philosophy in Motion, where critique transcends its role as an  
analytical tool to become a threshold of possibility. Therefore, by articulating these dialogues, the aim is to  
redefine education from a radically relational episteme that, by recognizing its intrinsic politicity, activates its  
metabolic potential; as a ferment in alternative cosmoses, where the educational reveals itself as an ethical  
seed and a space for collective invention.  
From this context, philosophical didactics becomes a praxis of freedom; an art of inquiry that, instead  
of offering answers, cultivates the ideal questions to inhabit and transform the complexity of the real. It is here  
where critical thinking, by breaking with dichotomous logic, invites a foundational act; that is, educating to  
awaken consciousness that every pedagogical act is, in itself, a gesture of creation and resistance, which is  
inexhaustible as it feeds on hope, the hope that allows us to build, from the cracks of the system, an education  
that names the unnameable and sows, in the heart of the existing, the seeds of the future.  
Method  
The epistemological foundations of this research are based on a postpositivist episteme, starting from  
the premise that every vital process must be oriented towards a clear purpose and meaning. Consequently,  
the research adopts a qualitative approach, specifically the methodological line of the hermeneutic-dialectical  
method, which, according to Martínez (2011), “is indispensable and practically essential when human action or  
behavior lends itself to multiple interpretations” (p. 102).  
The hermeneutic-dialectical method promotes a deep and contextualized understanding of human  
phenomena through dialogue between different interpretations and the constant tension between parts and  
the whole. This methodology allows unraveling the intrinsic complexity of human experience, integrating  
contradictory and complementary dimensions to achieve a broader and more critical vision of the object  
of study. In this way, interpretation becomes an essential methodological key to understanding the most  
significant and complex structure within the global system of personality, allowing analysis to transcend  
superficial appearances and reveal the deep meanings that guide human action.  
Results  
This level of analysis focuses on two major emerging dimensions of this research: the theoretical  
framework grounded in the philosophical didactics of education, and philosophical didactics as decolonization  
of knowledge and praxis of the impossible. Figure 1 illustrates these aspects visually, facilitating understanding  
of the relationship between the different perspectives involved.  
Inthisanalysis, theconceptualhorizonsofkeyinformants, thepositionoftheorists, andtheintersubjective  
vision of the researcher are contrasted, allowing the construction of a hologrammatic vision. This vision is  
characterized by integrating multiple dimensions and perspectives, thus offering a deeper, more complex,  
and dynamic understanding of the area studied, overcoming linear or one-dimensional approaches and  
enriching the research discourse with a plural and contextualized approach. Therefore, the application of a  
hologrammatic vision in research implies recognizing and articulating diverse dimensions and perspectives  
simultaneously, as if each part reflected the whole and the whole were present in each part.  
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For example, in the analysis of philosophical didactics, it involves integrating the experiences and  
knowledge of key informants together with current theoretical frameworks and the critical interpretation of the  
researcher, to generate a complex and multifaceted understanding of the educational phenomenon.  
A practical case of this application is highlighted in the study of how philosophical didactics promotes  
the decolonization of knowledge. From the informants’ perspective, personal experiences and pedagogical  
practices are gathered; from theory, philosophical and epistemological concepts are contrasted; and from  
the researchers vision, a critical interpretation is made that unites these dimensions into a single analytical  
framework. Thus, a fragmented approach is avoided and an integral understanding is privileged that reflects  
the richness and complexity of the studied field, allowing the identification of tensions, complementarities,  
and agreements that enrich the research process and its contribution to knowledge.  
This approach expands the depth of analysis and also favors the generation of more inclusive and  
transformative educational proposals, since it is based on a plural understanding that recognizes the diversity  
and complexity of knowledge and human practices.  
Theoretical framework grounded in the philosophical didactics of education  
Philosophical didactics, in its essence, beyond being conceived as a method, is an ontology in motion, a  
challenge to the very foundations of what is understood by educating. Its genealogy is rooted in the critique of  
enlightened modernity that reduced knowledge to an instrument of control (Horkheimer & Adorno, 1944/1998),  
but it is radicalized in the Introduction to Complex Thinking, proposed by Morin (1990), when he states that  
“education must be a journey towards organized uncertainty, where each answer generates new questions” (p.  
37). This vision destabilizes Cartesian epistemology, demanding a fractal didactics, where the learning context  
is conceived as a living, autopoietic system, constantly reorganizing itself in the face of tensions between order  
and chaos.  
In this framework, Paulo Freires critical pedagogy (1970) acts as a decolonizing trigger, stating that  
“Education is an act of love and, therefore, of courage; it is a practice of freedom that denies imposed silence”  
(p. 91). For Freire (1970), literacy is an exercise of conscientization, a dialectical process where the oppressed  
cease to be objects of history to become subjects of their own transformative intellectual narration, a figure that  
alters the neoliberal logic that reduces education to banking. Meanwhile, Giroux argues that “radical pedagogy  
is an act of historical memory, where excluded voices are recovered to question the present” (p. 67). In this  
way, philosophical didactics rises as a living and active element, where Basarab Nicolescus transdisciplinarity  
(1996) provides an essential epistemic dimension, centered on the definition of this approach as “the art of  
inhabiting the spaces between disciplines, where the real reveals itself in its inexhaustible fullness” (p. 29).  
This principle allows questioning the compartmentalization of knowledge by proposing an epistemology of  
thresholds, where the educational transcends subject-object, theory-practice dichotomies.  
Based on these considerations, philosophical didactics is interconnected with the ecology of knowledges  
of Bonaventura de Sousa Santos (2009), who in his work “An Epistemology of the South” affirms that “there is  
no total ignorance, but knowledges denied by colonial reason” (p. 45). The author insists that cognitive justice  
as epistemic dignity of ancestral knowledge constitutes a microcosm where multiple forms of understanding  
the world coexist without hierarchies. However, this theoretical framework would be incomplete without  
the ethics of liberation of Enrique Dussel (1998), who postulates that “All education is an act of exteriority,  
which emerges from the excluded to challenge the hegemonic totality” (p. 154). This ethics is irreducible to  
compassion; on the contrary, it materializes in an anti-systemic pedagogical praxis where Freirean dialogue is  
enriched by listening to historical silences.  
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Reviewing the manuscripts of Dussel (1998) and Freire (1970), an ethical event is glimpsed, a commitment  
to alterity that rejects the objectification of the other. Complementing Morin (1990): “teaching the human  
condition is teaching the unity of the diverse and the diversity of the one” (p. 102), a principle that challenges  
cultural homogenization and celebrates fractality. In this constellation of ideas, philosophical didactics reveals  
itself as a Metaphor of chaos, seeking to inhabit disorder creatively; its power lies in its capacity to generate  
questions that dismantle certainties; as Giroux (1988) warns, when he notes that “education is not neutral; it  
serves either to domesticate or to liberate” (p. 89).  
In this sense, opting for the second approach implies assuming education as an act of insurgency, where  
knowledge is co-created from a dialogic encounter with the unexpected; that is, a call to reimagine education  
as a libertarian cosmos exercised through the collective practice of resistance and hope.  
Philosophical Didactics as Decolonization of Knowledge and Praxis of the Impossible  
Education, at its contemporary crossroads, goes through an “Epistemic Crack”; hegemonic educational  
systems, anchored in modern colonial logic, have perpetuated an ontology of separation, from the  
dissociation between reason and emotion, the human and its nature. Faced with this vision, the epistemic-  
educational redefinition from philosophical didactics is far from a theoretical adjustment; therefore, it requires  
a categorical earthquake that dismantles the pillars of the enlightened paradigm, articulated as a project of  
cognitive disobedience, where philosophy beyond an eidetic corpus becomes a gesture of insurgency against  
instrumental rationality, as Horkheimer (2013) argued.  
In the words of Paulo Freire (1970), “education functions as an instrument of liberation, or becomes a  
weapon of domestication” (p. 67). Here, philosophical didactics constitutes itself as a praxis that transcends  
the pedagogical to question the very matrix of knowledge production, focusing its core on revealing that every  
educational act is an act of power. Therefore, traditional education, under the myth of neutrality, has operated  
as a normalization connector (Foucault, 2002), subordinating knowledges in hierarchies that privilege the  
Eurocentric, the masculine, and the utilitarian.  
Faced with this panorama, we consider what Edgar Morin (1990) outlined, from complexity, by unmasking  
this fallacy, pointing out that “knowledge is a construction crossed by chaos and uncertainty” (p. 43), which  
allows us to interpret the real, beyond ordering it, to inhabit it from its fractures. This implies a radical turn;  
that is, replacing the logic of epistemological control (watertight curricula, standardized evaluations) with an  
“Epistemology of Encounter”, where knowledge is co-constructed in dialogue between antagonistic horizons  
of meaning.  
Under this optic, Philosophical Didactics, in its decolonizing aptitude, surpasses questionable  
appreciations of knowledge contents, dismantling the very matrix of production of the knowable, that  
radicalized and Eurocentric structure which, as denounced by Aníbal Quijano (2000), turned coloniality into  
the dark side of modernity.  
This act of epistemic insubordination defined by Walter Mignolo (2011) as “decolonial disobedience”,  
demands transgressing the limits imposed by imperial reason, to open educational space to what Bonaventura  
de Sousa Santos calls “epistemologies of the South”; that is, dependent knowledges, silenced by cognitive  
violence, that spring from the cracks of abstract universality. In this sense, the task here transcends the  
pedagogical towards the metaphysical, where one unlearns the extractivist logic of knowledge that reduces  
the world to a resource, to learn to listen to the murmur of the denied, the excluded, and the impossible.  
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In this horizon, education transforms into a praxis of the impossible, understood beyond an unattainable  
utopia, as that which the colonial-capitalist order has declared unthinkable. As Slavoj Žižek (2014) points out,  
the Real —that which resists symbolically— erupts as a fracture in the possible; Philosophical Didactics, then,  
constitutes itself as an expanded element of the realizable, an exercise of “radical imagination” that challenges  
the regimes of feasibility imposed by instrumental rationality. Hence, Paulo Freires pedagogy converges with  
Enrique Dussels philosophy of liberation, where educating is uncovering the material conditions that naturalize  
oppression, but also activating the capacity of subjects to re-exist, to reinvent other worlds. Likewise, the  
learning context becomes a liminal space, as Homi Bhabha (n.d.) puts it, a frontier where the colonized and  
the decolonial confront each other in a struggle for meaning, and where the impossible —such as epistemic  
justice or biocultural reciprocity— is rehearsed in an almost perfect act and order.  
Now, this decolonization goes beyond the intellectual plane; it is an embodied revolution, as Frantz  
Fanon (1961) notes in his work The Wretched of the Earth, warning that coloniality refers to something beyond  
territoriality, alluding to bodies and subjectivities. Therefore, Philosophical Didactics must be a somatic  
pedagogy, a practice that, following Gloria Anzaldúa (1987), recognizes “border knowledge”, rooted in the  
wounded flesh of the excluded. In this sense, Achille Mbembes (n.d.) critique of necropolitics reveals how  
certain bodies are marked as disposable under the designs of colonial-modern power; in response, decolonial  
education becomes a ritual of epistemic resurrection, a political act that recovers silenced memories,  
knowledges annihilated by cynical reason, and ancestral practices erased from hegemonic records. In this  
framework, philosophies such as “good living” or “I am because we are” transcend folkloric expressiveness,  
projecting themselves as radical epistemologies that, from community interdependence and reciprocity with  
the Earth, crack the possessive individualism of modernity, proposing ontological alternatives where life in its  
plurality ceases to be a commodity to become a sacred relational fabric.  
Now, how to teach the impossible? To answer this concern, the mystical dimension of Philosophical  
Didactics emerges; for Georges Bataille spoke of the impossible as a limit experience, that which overflows  
utility and the logic of calculation. Meanwhile, educating from this vertigo implies adhering to the right to  
opacity; that is, rejecting homogenizing transparency and praising the irreducible density of the diverse. In  
Adornos words, it is an act of “negative aesthetics” that, instead of offering answers, cultivates wonder before  
the inapprehensible. Therefore, the praxis of the impossible transcends idealism; it is insurgent materialism,  
which Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui (2010) calls the “potency of the small”, in the micro-resistances that crack power  
from the everyday.  
Under this argumentative plane, Philosophical Didactics, in this anagram, is a pedagogy of the fragment;  
using parody, performance as strategies of situationism and conceptual art to dismantle master narratives.  
Here, educational Zapatismo merges with Mark Fishers capitalist realism (2009), which denounces how  
neoliberalism has kidnapped the imagination. Ultimately, this Philosophical Didactics is an act of love in the  
Freirean sense and of danger; love, because only from ethical vulnerability can deep listening emerge; danger,  
because decolonizing is always a subversive gesture that threatens the privileges of the canon.  
As Aimé Césaire (1950) wrote in his Discourse on Colonialism, there is no true encounter without the risk  
of metamorphosis. Thus, educating the impossible is, then, betting on that metamorphosis, a leap into the void  
where the decolonial is neither a destination nor a place; on the contrary, it is a journey, where Philosophical  
Didactics reveals itself as the art of navigating uncertainty, of sustaining the question without giving in to the  
easy answer, of inhabiting the abyss without ceasing to weave, from there, networks of insurgent hope.  
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Figure 1  
Theoretical-philosophical framework on the epistemic-educational redefinition from philosophical didactics  
Source: Own elaboration.  
Discussion  
Education, in its essence, is a living system, an organism of meanings in perpetual friction, and as such, is  
condemned to complexity. Edgar Morin warns us that living systems cease to be governed by linearity, opening  
the field to paradox; where they grow while disintegrating, they order themselves while becoming disordered.  
Under this logic, Philosophical Didactics, beyond being seen as a method of transmission, is conceived as an  
exercise of radical listening to the murmur of the multiple. Thus, the learning context, beyond being a container  
of certainties, is transfigured into a battlefield where temporalities, memories, and futures collide. Now, how to  
teach in a world that, as Zygmunt Bauman points out, dissolves into liquid before we can name it? The answer  
lies in the ability to inhabit questions as acts of ethical courage.  
The decolonization of knowledge, the backbone of this reflection, more than a benevolent gesture of  
inclusion, is an insurrection against the ontology of extractivism, an approach that Bonaventura de Sousa Santos  
summarizes bluntly; knowledge has been instituted as a knowing vacuum cleaner, sucking up knowledges to  
turn them into inert commodities under the label of “universality.” But how to weave in the midst of chaos?  
From this concern, the central paradox arises; complex systems teach us that disorder is not the enemy, but the  
fertile ground where the new germinates, a vision supported by Ilya Prigogines theory of dissipative structures,  
reminding us that it is in collapse that unprecedented patterns emerge. From this panorama, pedagogy implies  
embracing uncertainty not as failure, but as potency.  
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This position was intuited by Paulo Freire when he stated that liberating education faces conflict, because  
it knows that it is in dialectical tension that critical consciousness is forged. But today, faced with the ecological  
crisis and the necropolitics described by Achille Mbembe, this tension acquires existential urgency; for it is  
about thinking the world, and feeling it in the guts, recognizing that knowledge inhabits the mind, but also the  
wounded body of the excluded, the forgotten rites of indigenous peoples, the silent resistance of those who  
have been erased from the cognitive map.  
However, this task transcends all romanticism; it is deeply uncomfortable, since decolonizing hurts,  
because it demands confronting epistemic privileges, cognitive habits, the comforts of a knowledge that has  
been imposed on us, becoming an internalized neurosis. Therefore, Philosophical Didactics must also be  
an existential therapy, a slow and painful detoxification process. There are no shortcuts, as in mourning; on  
the contrary, one must go through the fog of denial, the rage of deconstruction, to reach a place of fragile  
reconstruction.  
Consequently, the epistemic-educational redefinition from complexity is undoubtedly a path that, as  
Eduardo Galeano would say, is made by walking, and by walking it unravels. Therefore, we must visualize the  
steps, those small gestures of daily rebellion, like Silvia Rivera Cusicanquis micro-resistances, which crack the  
walls of power from below, where the moss of the possible-impossible grows.  
And it is there, in that fertile humidity, where Philosophical Didactics sows its seeds, not to harvest  
certainties, but to learn to live with uncertainty, to dialogue with chaos, to finally live education as an act of entry  
towards a more humble, more interdependent, more alive humanity, because educating, ultimately, allows us  
to free the present from the chains we carry within; those that made us believe that knowledge is power, instead  
of understanding ourselves as a fragile and glorious part of a whole that exceeds us. That is true complexity,  
knowing ourselves, at the same time, insignificant and essential, ephemeral and eternal. And from there, keep  
walking.  
Conclusion  
Philosophical didactics, grounded in critique and decolonization, emerges as a robust framework to  
redefine educational epistemology in complex contexts, driving the transition from hegemonic paradigms  
towards liberating, plural, and emancipatory approaches, where complex thinking and critical genealogy  
enhance both pedagogical action and the production of contextualized knowledges.  
The proposed model articulates diverse ontological, pedagogical, epistemological, and political  
dimensions, generating a hologrammatic and systemic vision of education; this allows confronting dominant  
categories, reconfiguring formative practices, opening dialogue with the unexpected, and favoring processes  
of educational metamorphosis that amplify critical agency and transformative creativity of teachers and learners.  
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References  
Anzaldúa, G. (1987). Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza. Aunt Lute Books.  
Césaire, A. (1950). Discourse on Colonialism. Présence Africaine.  
Dussel, E. (1998). Ética de la liberación en la edad de la globalización y de la exclusión. Trotta.  
fondodeculturaeconomica.com/libro/los-condenados-de-la-tierra_9786071654519/  
capitalista/  
Foucault, M. (2002). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Siglo XXI.  
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Siglo XXI.  
Giroux, H. A. (1988). Teachers as Intellectuals: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Learning. Bergin & Garvey.  
Glissant, É. (1997). Poetics of Relation. University of Michigan Press.  
Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (1998). Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments (J. Chamorro  
Mielke, Trans.). Trotta. (Original work published 1944).  
Hooks, B. (1994). Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. Routledge. https://  
www.routledge.com/Teaching-to-Transgress-Education-as-the-Practice-of-Freedom/Hooks/p/  
libros/ensenar-a-transgredir/)  
Lugones, M. (2003). Pilgrimages/Peregrinajes: Theorizing Coalition Against Multiple Oppressions. Rowman  
Against-Multiple-Oppressions  
French version: https://www.cairn.info/revue-raisons-politiques-2005-3-page-123.htm)  
Mignolo, W. (2011). The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options. Duke University  
Morin, E. (1990). Introduction to Complex Thinking. Gedisa.  
Nicolescu, B. (1996). Transdisciplinarity: Manifesto. Du Rocher.  
Rivera Cusicanqui, S. (2010). Ch’ixinakax utxiwa: A Reflection on Decolonizing Practices and Discourses. Tinta  
Limón.  
Santos, B. de S. (2009). An Epistemology of the South: The Reinvention of Knowledge and Social Emancipation.  
CLACSO.  
Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Mary Ochoa Gómez (University of Guayaquil) for the academic translation  
of this manuscript into English.  
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Bridging languages and cultures. Project-based learning in english teacher training  
Conectando lenguas y culturas. Aprendizaje basado en proyectos en la formación de  
docentes de inglés  
1Carlos Daniel Cazco Maldonado  
Yachay Tech University. Urcuquí, Ecuador.  
2Paola Vanessa Santamaría Velásquez  
Yachay Tech University. Urcuquí, Ecuador.  
3Martha Jacqueline González Blanco  
Yachay Tech University. Urcuquí, Ecuador.  
Received date: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 26/04/2026  
Abstract  
This study explores the impact of implementing Project-Based Learning (PBL) as an innovative pedagogical  
approach in Ecuadorian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms through a professional training program  
designed for in-service teachers. The initiative arises from the need to enrich English teaching practices beyond  
textbook-driven methods by integrating authentic content aligned with the principles of Global Citizenship.  
Conducted in collaboration with ECUATESOL and Yachay Tech University, the program sought to address  
persistent gaps in teacher preparation, such as overreliance on traditional instruction, limited training in active  
methodologies, and minimal student engagement in meaningful communication. Fifteen English teachers from  
the province of Imbabura participated in a three-phase process: (1) diagnostic assessment, (2) teacher training  
workshops, and (3) classroom implementation with mentoring. Mixed-method data collection included surveys,  
interviews, lesson-plan reviews, and classroom observations. Preliminary findings indicate increased teacher  
confidence, improved classroom management through collaborative projects, and heightened student motivation  
and participation. The programs long-term goal is to scale the initiative nationwide through a Massive Open  
Online Course (MOOC) reaching over 2,500 teachers.  
Keywords: english teaching, innovation, project-based learning, teacher training.  
Resumen  
EsteestudioexploraelimpactodelaimplementacióndelAprendizajeBasadoenProyectos(ABP)comounenfoque  
pedagógico innovador en aulas ecuatorianas de inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL), a través de un programa de  
formación profesional diseñado para docentes en servicio. La iniciativa surge ante la necesidad de enriquecer las  
prácticas de enseñanza del inglés más allá de los métodos tradicionales centrados en el libro de texto, integrando  
contenidos auténticos alineados con los principios de la Ciudadanía Global. Desarrollado en colaboración  
con ECUATESOL y la Universidad Yachay Tech, el proyecto buscó responder a tres problemáticas persistentes  
en el contexto educativo ecuatoriano: la dependencia de métodos transmisivos, la falta de capacitación en  
metodologías activas y la escasa participación estudiantil en prácticas comunicativas reales. Quince docentes de  
inglés de la provincia de Imbabura participaron en un proceso dividido en tres fases: (1) diagnóstico y orientación  
(2) capacitación docente y (3) implementación en el aula con acompañamiento continuo. La investigación utilizó  
un enfoque mixto con instrumentos como encuestas, entrevistas, observaciones y análisis de planes de clase. Los  
resultados preliminares revelan una mejora significativa en la confianza docente, en la planificación de proyectos  
colaborativos y en la motivación estudiantil. El proyecto tiene como objetivo escalarse a nivel nacional mediante  
un curso abierto en línea (MOOC) que beneficiará a más de 2.500 docentes.  
Palabras clave: aprendizaje basado en proyectos, enseñanza del Inglés, formación docente, innovación.  
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Introduction  
Education in Ecuador faces the challenge of adapting to the demands of a globalized, multilingual,  
and technologically interconnected world. Traditional approaches to English language teaching, focused on  
memorization, translation, and mechanical repetition, have historically limited the development of communicative  
competence. This situation is further exacerbated by the lack of up-to-date professional development for  
teachers, which often prioritizes theory over practice and fails to provide tools to foster creativity, autonomy, and  
collaboration (Barragán & Newman, 2023).  
Within this context, Project-Based Learning (PBL) emerges as a transformative methodology that addresses  
the current needs of language teaching process. Grounded on constructivist theory (Piaget, 1972; Vygotsky, 1978),  
PBL conceptualizes learning as an active process in which learners construct knowledge through the resolution of  
authentic problems. This methodological approach promotes essential 21st-century skills and competences such  
as critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and the responsible use of technology (Trilling & Fadel, 2009).  
Numerous studies (Stoller, 2006; Beckett & Slater, 2020) demonstrate that PBL enhances learners’  
motivation, academic performance, and communicative competence by situating learning in meaningful and  
real-world contexts. Nevertheless, its implementation in Latin America has been limited owing to structural  
factors, including lack of resources, institutional resistance, and insufficient methodological training.  
This current study originates from the collaboration between ECUATESOL and Yachay Tech University,  
with the aim of strengthening teacher education in the use of PBL as both, a pedagogical tool and a vehicle for  
Global Citizenship. According to UNESCO (2015), Global Citizenship Education seeks to empower learners to  
actively participate in building fair and sustainable societies. Integrating these principles into English language  
teaching allows educators to move beyond the linguistic dimension and connect learning with the countrys  
social, cultural, and environmental realities.  
Similarly, this project aligns with the objectives of the Ecuadorian Ministry of Education (MINEDUC, 2022)  
to promote inclusive and innovative educational practices that fortify the quality of English language teaching in  
the national public system. In this context, PBL is not only presented as a teaching methodology, but also as an  
educational philosophy that positions teachers as facilitators of knowledge and learners as active agents during  
the learning process.  
Therefore, this study seeks to demonstrate how the implementation of PBL in teacher formative process can  
transform traditional educational practices, promote professional reflection, and contribute to the development  
of global competencies within the Ecuadorian context.  
Methods  
The current research study adopted a mixed-methods design, combining qualitative and quantitative  
approaches to obtain a comprehensive view of the impact of Project-Based Learning (PBL) on teaching practices  
and student motivation. Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999), state that methodological triangulation enhances the  
validity of findings by cross-checking data from multiple sources.  
Participants  
The sample consisted of fifteen English teachers from public and private institutions in the province of  
Imbabura, all female except for one participant. Each teacher demonstrated a B2 level of English proficiency  
according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and was part of the “Ecuador  
Habla Inglés” program. Indirectly, the project impacted approximately 450 students aged between 13 and 18.  
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Study Design and Intervention Phases  
The training process was conducted into three consecutive phases:  
Diagnostic and orientation phase: Surveys and semi-structured interviews were administered to  
identify teachers’ perceptions, needs, and level of knowledge regarding PBL.  
Training phase: Participants attended 13 virtual seminars led by local and international experts. These  
sessions addressed the theoretical foundations of PBL, the design of interdisciplinary projects, and  
the use of digital tools for English language teaching.  
Implementation and mentoring phase: Participants designed and implemented PBL projects in their  
classrooms, receiving ongoing feedback from academic mentors. Reflective journals, photographic  
records, and classroom videos were collected as part of the data.  
Instruments  
Multiple instruments were used for data collection:  
Questionnaires and surveys: To measure levels of teacher confidence and perceptions of PBL  
effectiveness.  
Lesson plan analysis: To evaluate the alignment between PBL principles and pedagogical practice  
(Larmer et al., 2015).  
Classroom observations: To identify interaction patterns, student participation, and the application  
of collaborative strategies.  
Focus groups and reflective journals: To gain deeper insight into teachers’ experiences and  
professional self-evaluation processes.  
Data Analysis  
Qualitative data were thematically coded following the framework proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006),  
identifying categories such as teacher empowerment, student agency, and meaningful learning. Quantitative  
datawereanalyzedusingdescriptivestatisticswithSPSSversion26,enablingpre-andpost-trainingcomparisons.  
Ethical Considerations  
Participant confidentiality was ensured through the use of pseudonyms. All participants signed informed  
consent forms, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yachay Tech University (code 2024-EFL-  
PBL-02).  
Results  
The findings reveal a substantial shift in both pedagogical practices and teachers’ perceptions of their  
role in the classroom.  
Teacher Professional Development  
Post-program survey results indicated a 45% increase in teachers’ confidence in designing and  
implementing project-based activities. Participants reported a transition from a teacher-centered model to a  
more student-centered approach. As one teacher noted, “My students now speak more than I do; they are the  
protagonists of their own learning.”  
Student Motivation and Participation  
Students demonstrated higher levels of enthusiasm, collaborative work, and willingness to be  
communicated in English. In projects such as “Our Environment, Our Responsibility,” learners produced short  
films addressing local environmental issues, integrating research, writing, and oral storytelling in English. These  
experiences strengthened both linguistic competence and social awareness.  
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Professional Collaboration Networks  
One of the most remarkable outcomes was the spontaneous creation of a professional learning network (PLN)  
among participating teachers. Through platforms such as WhatsApp and Google Classroom, these professionals  
shared materials, strategies, and reflections. Such horizontal collaboration has contributed to the consolidation of a  
sustainable community of practice over time.  
Identified Challenges  
Among the main challenges identified were the lack of time, restricted access to technological resources, and  
large class sizes. However, mentoring sessions supported teachers in adapting PBL to their specific contexts without  
compromising its core principles.  
Quantitative Indicators  
Eighty percent of the teachers reported having reached an “advanced” level of proficiency in Project-Based  
Learning (PBL) after the training program (compared to an initial 25%). In addition, student participation increased  
by an average of 35%, and lesson plans showed a greater use of authentic assessment tools, such as rubrics and self-  
evaluations.  
Discussion  
The findings of this research study confirm that Project-Based Learning not only enhances teaching practices,  
but also transforms classroom culture. Teachers shifted from being basic transmitters of knowledge to becoming  
facilitators of the learning process, in alignment with the principles of social constructivism (Vygotsky, 1978; Bell, 2010).  
On a global scale, these findings are consistent and support other studies about the impact of PBL on the  
development of 21st-century skills (Wilkinson & Zegers, 2017; Beckett & Slater, 2020). Nevertheless, the Ecuadorian  
context introduces important nuances: limited resources and curricular rigidity entail a contextualized adaptation,  
rather than a mere adoption of external models. The mentoring strategy implemented in this project proved to be an  
effective mechanism for supporting this adaptation process.  
From a sociocultural perspective, PBL fosters the collective construction of knowledge. Interaction between  
teachers and students creates learning communities where all participants learn from one another, thereby promoting  
professional reflection (Schön, 1983). Furthermore, the integration of Global Citizenship into the projects established a  
meaningful link between English language learning and social action, enabling students to use the language as a tool  
to foster change.  
Notwithstanding, challenges remain. The sustainability of PBL requires institutional support, administrative  
flexibility, and continuous professional development. Despite these challenges, the model implemented in this study  
provides a scalable and replicable framework for other regions of the country.  
Conclusions  
The current study demonstrates the transformative potential of Project-Based Learning in Ecuadorian  
teacher education. Participants developed a great deal of autonomy, creativity, and intercultural awareness,  
strengthening their role as agents of educational change.  
Among the pedagogical implications, the need of including PBL as a core component in both pre-service  
andin-serviceteachereducationprogramsisparticularlynoteworthy. Regardingpracticalrecommendations,  
it is proposed to strengthen professional learning networks, integrating technology into hybrid teaching  
models, and expanding access to open online courses (MOOCs).  
In terms of educational policy level, it is recommended that authorities incorporate PBL into national English  
teaching standards, in alignment with the Education Agenda 2030.  
In summary, this research study contributes to reimagining teacher education in Ecuador. By connecting  
innovation, collaboration, and citizenship, PBL emerges as a bridge between languages, cultures, and  
communities, transforming classrooms into spaces for meaningful learning and social engagement.  
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References  
Banks, J. A. (2008). Diversity, group identity, and citizenship education in a global age. Educational Researcher,  
Barragán Camacho, M. J., & Newman, S. J. (Eds.). (2023). English language education in Ecuador: Assessing  
index.php/usfqpress/catalog/view/70/120/254  
Beckett, G. H., & Slater, T. (2020). Project-based learning and technology: Enhancing language learning,  
teaching, and assessment. Springer.  
Bell, S. (2010). Project-based learning for the 21st century: Skills for the future. The Clearing House: A Journal  
Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-  
Hill.  
EIL Ecuador. (2024). Ecuador Habla Inglés program overview and impacts.  
Larmer, J., Mergendoller, J. R., & Boss, S. (2015). Setting the standard for project-based learning: A proven  
approach to rigorous classroom instruction. ASCD.  
Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research,  
34(5 Pt 2), 1189–1208.  
Stoller, F. L. (2006). Establishing a theoretical foundation for project-based learning in second and foreign  
language contexts. In G. H. Beckett & P. C. Miller (Eds.), Project-based second and foreign language  
education: Past, present, and future (pp. 19–40). Information Age Publishing.  
bie.org/object/document/a_review_of_research_on_project_ based_learning  
Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass. UNESCO. (2015).  
unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232993  
Wilkinson, R., & Zegers, V. (2017). Enhancing student engagement through project-based learning in CLIL  
org/10.1075/jicb.5.1.03wil  
Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Oswaldo García Brito (University of Guayaquil) for the academic translation  
of this manuscript into English.  
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Work and education in children and adolescents as human rights. An Ecuadorian  
referendum  
Trabajo y educación en niñez y adolescencia como derechos humanos. Un referente  
ecuatoriano  
1Alicia Ramírez de Castillo  
Metropolitan University of Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador.  
Received date:: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 26/04/2026  
Abstract  
The economic situation contributes to increased poverty in the lowest social strata, forcing families, including  
childrenandadolescents, toseekmeansofsubsistenceinbothurbanandruralareas. Thissituationisworrisome,  
as children are unable to attend school or access protection programs. Poverty is directly linked to child and  
adolescent labor. Minors are observed on public roads, selling goods, “watching cars,” and suffering verbal or  
physical abuse, without achieving the full development of their human rights. This protection can be achieved  
through appropriate institutions, without depriving them of their childhood. This aspiration is for an effective  
process, ensuring justice for this group of minors, who will be the future Ecuadorian workers contributing to  
the countrys economy. This study is documentary, analytical, and hermeneutical in nature. It is important to  
consider that international organizations such as the ILO and UNICEF have dedicated themselves to promoting  
the prohibition of child labor, monitoring progress with the support of their respective governments, with the  
goal of ending child labor.  
Keywords: social strata, poverty, economic situation.  
Resumen  
La situación económica incide en el aumento de pobreza en estratos sociales del más bajo nivel, obligando a la  
familia, contando a niños, niñas y adolescentes buscar recursos de subsistencia, tanto en zonas urbanas como  
en zonas rurales, sin poder asistir a clases ni aplicar programas de protección a este grupo minoril, por lo que  
se torna preocupante. La pobreza verifica relación directa con el trabajo infantil o adolescente. Se observan  
menores en vías públicas, vendiendo mercancías secas, “cuidando vehículos”, sufriendo maltrato verbal o  
físico, sin alcanzar pleno desarrollo de sus derechos humanos. Esta protección se logrará con adecuados  
organismos, sin privar su infancia. Este anhelo como proceso eficaz, con justicia para este grupo minoril,  
quienes serán los futuros trabajadores ecuatorianos, que contribuirán con la economía del país. Este estudio  
es de tipo documental, analítico y hermenéutico. Hay que considerar que organismos Internacionales como  
la OIT y UNICEF, se han abocado a impulsar la prohibición del trabajo infantil, haciéndole un seguimiento con  
apoyo de los respectivos gobiernos, aspirando poner fin al trabajo infantil.  
Palabras clave: estratos sociales, pobreza, situación económica.  
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Introduction  
The economic situation in nearly all Latin American countries, of which Ecuador is part within the  
regional geopolitical context, contributes to rising levels of poverty among the lowest social strata. This  
condition compels families including children and adolescents to seek means of subsistence in both urban and  
rural areas, often at the expense of school attendance. In some cases, there is a lack of adequate protection  
programs targeting this vulnerable population, which raises significant concern and demands urgent attention.  
Poverty is closely linked to child and adolescent labor, shaping the daily realities of many young people.  
In both urban and rural settings, children are often seen in public spaces carrying out informal activities such  
as selling small goods or “watching cars” not as a choice, but as a response to economic necessity. In these  
environments, they are frequently exposed to verbal and physical abuse, as well as conditions that place their  
safety and well-being at risk.  
This reality also extends to domestic labor arrangements, particularly live-in domestic work, where  
children and adolescents may experience isolation, excessive workloads, and limited access to education.  
Such conditions can compromise their dignity and restrict the full exercise of their fundamental human rights.  
A significant proportion of children engage in intensive domestic labor. In this regard, it is important  
to note that the Childhood and Adolescence Code of Ecuador establishes 15 years as the minimum age for  
employment. For definitional purposes, a child is considered any person under twelve years of age, while  
an adolescent refers to individuals of both sexes between twelve and eighteen years old, who have not yet  
reached the full realization of their human rights. Such protection should be guaranteed through effective  
and well-coordinated institutional mechanisms that safeguard childrens rights without compromising their  
right to a safe and meaningful childhood This aspiration, understood as an effective and equitable process  
for this vulnerable group, requires the Ecuadorian State to further strengthen its public policy by promoting  
a comprehensive and effective program aimed at reducing this social problem. By doing so, it can provide  
meaningful protection to those who will become the countrys future workforce and contributors to the national  
economy.  
For this reason, it is identified as a survival-driven social phenomenon, which should be understood  
within the framework of child and adolescent labor. This concept is defined as any activity involving physical  
or mental exertion, performed daily or on a regular basis, in a specific or undefined location, and most often  
under the supervision of another person whether a family member or not frequently without any form of  
remuneration.  
Viewed from this perspective, such activities do not fundamentally differ from the general concept  
of work as a human activity. However, in this context, they are carried out under conditions that border on  
deceptive exploitation and even coercive practices, whether within the formal or informal economy, thereby  
exerting a detrimental impact on the psychosocial development of this minoritized population. This reality  
prompts the following critical reflection: Under what circumstances, and to what extent, should children or  
adolescents receive economic compensation derived from their own efforts, given their status as “citizens in a  
position of vulnerability” due to their age?  
It is a matter of serious concern that the countrys prevailing economic crisis directly exacerbates poverty  
levels among the most vulnerable socioeconomic strata. Consequently, families are compelled to rely on the  
contribution of all members including children and adolescents to secure the income necessary for household  
sustenance.  
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It can be observed clearly and publicly that children and adolescents, often at night and together with  
other individuals, search through garbage as a means of subsistence. As a result, many of these minors do  
not attend school and do not live in even minimally adequate housing conditions, leaving them with little  
or no effective protection. This situation highlights the urgent need to strengthen and ensure the effective  
implementation of existing protection programs aimed at this vulnerable social group.  
In response to this social phenomenon, national and international organizations have both the obligation  
and the mandate to protect working children and adolescents as part of their core objectives. At the global  
level, one of the leading institutions in this regard is UNICEF.  
It is important to emphasize that the economic exploitation of this vulnerable population is deeply  
concerning. These groups represent a significant, often unquantifiable proportion of the population in Latin  
America and worldwide. Even more troubling is the risk that, in the absence of effective protection and social  
inclusion policies, such conditions may contribute to environments that foster future involvement in delinquent  
activities.  
Child and Adolescent Labor from an Educational Perspective  
According to Pérez (2021), “work represents any activity carried out by human beings with the purpose  
of producing goods and services that enable them to satisfy their own needs and those of others.” It may be  
added that, in most cases, such activity is remunerated and should be protected by the State in which it is  
performed. Nevertheless, in alignment with the definition established by the International Labor Organization  
(ILO), ‘child labor’ is conceptualized as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential, and  
their dignity, while proving detrimental to their physical and psychological development. Furthermore, The  
International Labor Organization and UNICEF have indicated that the global objective of eradicating child  
labor by 2025 has not been achieved, despite a 47% reduction since the year 2000.  
The International Labor Organization and other organizations promote awareness-raising campaigns  
and play a key role in regional initiatives such The Latin America and the Caribbean Free of Child Labor,  
aimed at accelerating the elimination of child labor. According to recent data from The International Labor  
Organization and other sources, approximately 370,000 children and adolescents in Ecuador are engaged  
in child labor, representing a 37% increase compared to 2022. These figures equivalent to 8% of the child  
population vary significantly across provinces, with rural areas being the most affected. The most common  
sectors involving child labor include agriculture, services, and domestic work.  
The same report highlights that Indigenous, Afro-descendant children and adolescents, those with  
disabilities, and those living in rural areas face a higher risk of exclusion or educational lag. There is a stark  
disparity between the quality of education received by children in rural areas and those with internet access  
in urban settings. This reveals the vulnerability of the education system, not only in terms of infrastructure,  
but also due to serious deficiencies in teaching staff and access to technological resources necessary for  
delivering classes through online platforms even when limited to low-quality connections or applications such  
as WhatsApp. Educational exclusion at every stage further perpetuates conditions of poverty and constitutes  
one of the main drivers of the global learning crisis.  
The analyzed data show that, in several countries, school attendance among the population of  
secondary-school age falls below 50% in rural areas. They also reveal a clear link between child labor and  
school absenteeism: students aged 12 to 14 who are engaged in work, although many remain enrolled, display  
lower attendance rates compared to their non-working peers.  
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It should be noted that a large proportion of children and adolescents work within the informal sector,  
often in public spaces, engaging in activities such as selling fruits and vegetables, dry goods, “watching cars,”  
and many other forms of labor that are difficult to fully capture. In doing so, they are exposed to adverse  
environmental conditions—rain, intense sunlight, noise, and vehicle emissions—as well as verbal and physical  
abuse from third parties.  
As can be observed, these findings allow for critical reflection on the complex social reality under  
study and its implications for the protection of the human rights of these highly vulnerable groups. Due to  
their age, children and adolescents are particularly susceptible to violations of their fundamental rights. In  
this context, the State, together with families and society as a whole, plays a decisive role. Through legal  
frameworks and regulatory systems, these actors bear the responsibility to guarantee, enforce, and ensure  
the effective realization of such rights, both in terms of normative regulation of social behavior and within a  
broader ontological understanding of human dignity and development.  
Child labor in contexts of vulnerability  
The foregoing discussion constitutes a conceptual framework to demonstrate that the enforceability of  
legal provisions issued by those institutions responsible for safeguarding working children and adolescents  
is a practice rooted in the very origins of law. Effective protection requires an in-depth analysis of the real  
conditions under which protective bodies operate, as they must act with the utmost urgency to prevent further  
exploitation and suffering, as well as to safeguard children from being deprived of their childhood and future  
prospects.  
This objective remains an aspiration shared by all human societies, yet it has not been fully achieved.  
Despite the strong conviction that such protection should exist, legal scholars and social theorists have  
consistently recognized the critical importance of establishing truly effective procedures as an essential  
condition for the proper and just application of laws concerning working children and adolescents.  
In summary, although the legal processes designed to protect this vulnerable group are inherently  
instrumental, they are of paramount importance. They ensure that the defense of human rights does not  
become a mere abstraction or “dead letter” in the face of potential non-compliance. To better understand  
the significance of this protection, one might envision an ideal scenario in which citizens are fully aware of their  
rights, duties, and legal obligations; under such circumstances, individuals would be genuinely committed to  
defending their rights.  
From the perspective of protection, minors engaged in productive activities whether providing goods  
or services should receive appropriate support. This includes fair compensation for their labor, understood  
as remuneration that allows them to meet basic economic needs and secure essential goods and services.  
Remuneration thus becomes a crucial factor in ensuring minimum standards of well-being.  
However, this labor modality is often characterized by various forms of abuse, violence, and both direct  
and indirect violations affecting moral integrity and psychological well-being. Such conditions frequently  
generate stress and undermine the value of the childs or adolescents effort, regardless of their willingness  
or efficiency in performing assigned tasks. For this reason, it is essential to examine the legal framework that  
protects this vulnerable group, recognizing that child labor constitutes a global phenomenon where the reality  
of facts often prevail over formal legal appearances.  
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Considering the above, it must be emphasized that working minors are typically engaged in precarious,  
low-quality jobs, which are commonly performed by the most vulnerable sectors due to limited qualifications  
and the urgent need to accept any available work. Consequently, it is necessary to progressively withdraw  
children and adolescents from such activities, as the priority should not be economic gain but rather the full  
enjoyment of childhood and adolescence, fostering their moral and integral development as individuals who  
require significant protection from the Ecuador State.  
Since the year 2000, child labor has been reduced by nearly half, from 246 million to 138 million in 2024.  
Nevertheless, progress remains too slow, and the global goal of eliminating child labor by 2025 has not been  
achieved. According to The International Labor Organization (2025), current rates of progress would need to be  
eleven times faster to eradicate this phenomenon within the next five years. Despite continued improvements,  
recent data also reveal a concerning increase in child labor between 2016 and 2020. The agricultural sector  
remains the largest contributor (61%), followed by services (27%) including domestic work and market sales  
and industry (13%), such as mining and manufacturing.  
It should also be noted that, in most cases, working minors are either underpaid or receive no  
remuneration at all. As a result, they remain trapped in poverty, and their potential contribution to their families  
is often minimal, leading to a loss of both time and future opportunities.  
Efforts led by organizations dedicated to protecting children and adolescents have promoted systems  
aimed at achieving equality, which has become a central paradigm in their advocacy. These initiatives seek  
innovative and inclusive solutions to facilitate school integration; however, such efforts often face social  
barriers, including limited awareness of existing protection mechanisms and a lack of political will to implement  
effective integration strategies.  
Paradoxically, although the Ecuador State constitutionally and legally recognizes work as a social process,  
there remains a significant number of unemployed adolescents with limited access to formal employment.  
When employment is obtained, it is often characterized by minimum wages and, in some cases, the absence  
of legally mandated benefits.  
In this regard, The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, specifically Article 46(2), establishes the  
principle of special protection against any form of labor or economic exploitation of adolescents. It explicitly  
prohibits employment for children under the age of fifteen and stipulates that any permissible work must be  
exceptional, non-hazardous, andmustnotinterferewiththerighttoeducationortheindividualscomprehensive  
personal development.  
Accordingly, it is important to highlight that the national legal framework designed to protect this  
specific social group is The Organic Code of Childhood and Adolescence (2014), which regulates, under Title V  
“On the Work of Children and Adolescents” (Articles 81 to 95) the conditions and legal parameters governing  
such activities, with particular emphasis on the provisions set forth in Article 81  
Article 81. Right to Protection against Labor Exploitation.  
“Children and adolescents have the right to be protected by the State, society, and the family  
against labor and economic exploitation, as well as against any form of slavery, servitude, forced  
labor, or work that is harmful to their health or to their physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social  
development, or that may hinder the exercise of their right to education.”  
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This implies that no child or adolescent should be engaged in labor; however, if there is an unavoidable  
necessity to work, such activity must be carried out under special conditions that do not affect their physical  
or mental health, nor restrict their right to attend school. Furthermore, they should receive fair remuneration  
consistent with their work in order to meet their own needs and those of their family.  
Under these principles of protection, the hiring of persons under fifteen years of age is prohibited in  
Ecuador, in accordance with Article 82 of The Organic Code of Childhood and Adolescence, which establishes:  
“Article 82. Minimum Age for Employment.  
The minimum age for all types of work, including domestic service, is set at fifteen years, subject to the  
exceptions provided in this Code, as well as in other laws and international instruments with legal force in the  
country.” It is also important to note that the working day must not exceed six hours per day, nor more than  
five days per week, and must not interfere with the right to education.  
Although decent work is a fundamental element for personal development and the respect for human  
dignity, in the case of children and adolescents, education plays a central role in achieving their integral  
development. It is through education that they can grow, mature, and fully develop their intellectual and  
cognitive abilities, enabling them to reach their full potential in a holistic and sustainable way.  
As established in Article 44 of The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador: “The State, society, and  
the family shall prioritize the integral development of children and adolescents and ensure the full exercise  
of their rights; the principle of their best interests shall be upheld, and their rights shall prevail over those of  
others.” From this perspective, it is necessary to formulate propositions grounded in the underlying semantic  
framework of this issue.  
For this to occur, educational institutions, industry, and government must work collaboratively to ensure  
an equitable workforce. In this regard, Ramírez (2014) emphasizes that this social space is highly relevant  
for academia, society, and the workers involved, as they constitute the future generation that will contribute  
to national development. These theoretical contributions encourage continued reflection and reaffirm the  
importance of upholding their rights across all spheres political, economic, social, legal, and cultural, alignment  
with principles of social justice.  
To achieve this structural transformation within the Ecuadorian educational system, the relevant  
authorities must design and sustain a high-quality academic plan.  
Poverty as a driving force of child and adolescent labor  
It is both relevant and illustrative to recall the position of UNICEF regarding child labor, which states that  
not all tasks performed by a child constitute child labor. Rather, it refers to activities that demand excessive  
hours, are inappropriate for the childs age, pose risks to their health and well-being, deprive them of playtime,  
and hinder their access to education. This doctrinal perspective is grounded in The Declaration of the Rights  
of the Child, which has been ratified by Ecuador and is reflected in its constitutional framework.  
Accordingly, this study invites reflection on this social problem, which is not limited to developing  
countries but is a global phenomenon. Therefore, it is essential to continue striving to ensure that, at least  
within Ecuador, children and adolescents are no longer deprived of their aspirations and fundamental rights.  
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Concluding considerations and reflections  
In Latin America, and particularly in Ecuador, child and adolescent labor persists across multiple sectors.  
This social reality demands programs, public policies, and regulatory frameworks that effectively guarantee  
the rights of working minors. Despite existing legal protections, many are still subjected to exploitation by  
individuals or legal entities that employ them, even on a part-time basis, and in some cases, by their own  
families. These circumstances reflect a deeply complex social condition.  
In the absence of effective implementation of government programs at both national and regional levels,  
organizations representing these minors have taken on the role of promoting their integration, recognizing the  
severity of the issue. Institutions such as UNICEF and International Labor Organization has played a central  
role. In Ecuador, The Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion has developed action plans for the prevention,  
awareness, and eradication of child labor, as well as for promoting dignified working conditions for adolescents  
(2022–2026), including initiatives implemented by the Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito.  
This concern is framed within compliance with constitutional and legal principles established in  
Ecuadorian legislation, emphasizing equality and the need to ensure living conditions that enable children  
and adolescents to achieve integral development and fully enjoy their childhood and youth.  
Therefore, it is essential to develop mechanisms of social coexistence that define how members of society  
interact with one another, engage with their environment, and access the resources necessary to guarantee  
their survival and well-being, through age-appropriate activities that do not compromise their future.  
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References  
Convention on the Rights of the Child. (1989).  
19, 2023).  
Ramírez de Castillo, A.. (2014). Child and Adolescent Labor from a Human Rights Perspective. Doctoral  
Dissertation, PhD in Social Sciences (Labor Studies). University of Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.  
Retrievedfrom:http://mriuc.bc.uc.edu.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/1053/aCastillo.pdf?sequence=1  
The International Labour Organization Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182).  
The International Labour Organization. Children in Child Labour. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/ipec/  
ChildlabourstatisticsSIMPOC/WCMS_817932/lang--es/index.htm  
The International Labour Organization. Minimum Age Convention (No. 138).  
The Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion. Children aged 5 to 14 engaged in labor. Ecuador.  
The Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion. District Action Plan for the Prevention, Awareness, and  
Eradication of Child Labor and Guarantees to Promote Decent Working Conditions for Adolescents  
2022–2026. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito.  
The National Assembly of Ecuador. Code on Childhood and Adolescence (2014).  
The National Assembly of Ecuador. Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador (2008).  
United Nations. Convention on the Rights of the Child.  
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. December (1948).  
Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Michelle Plaza Martínez (University of Guayaquil) for the academic translation  
of this manuscript into English.  
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Strengthening education in entrepreneurship and management through a virtual  
classroom for first-year BGU students  
Fortalecimiento de educación en emprendimiento y gestión mediante aula virtual para  
estudiantes de primero BGU  
1Jefferson Enrique Ulloa Castro  
University of Guayaquil. Guayaquil, Ecuador.  
2Robert Joao Calderón Santana  
University of Guayaquil. Guayaquil, Ecuador.  
3Félix André Cueva Zambrano  
University of Guayaquil. Guayaquil, Ecuador  
4Kevin Andrés Sánchez Jiménez  
University of Guayaquil. Guayaquil, Ecuador.  
5Darío Andrés Litardo Villacreses  
University of Guayaquil. Guayaquil, Ecuador.  
Received date: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 11/04/2026  
Abstract  
The objective of this study is to optimize the educational process in the subject of Entrepreneurship and Management  
for first-year Unified General Baccalaureate students during the 2023-2024 school year, through the incorporation of  
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used, conducting  
surveys with first-year Unified General Baccalaureate students via Google Forms to collect data and obtain statistical  
results. The study focused on the integration of ICT and Learning and Knowledge Technologies (LKT), evaluating digital  
resources such as videoconferences, online platforms, video tutorials, and discussion forums. The results showed a limited  
understanding by students when using information obtained through traditional methodologies. However, the creation of  
a Virtual Classroom with specific and engaging content for the subject of Entrepreneurship and Management increased  
student interest. A virtual learning classroom was designed to meet the needs of students in the area of Entrepreneurship  
and Management, generating interactive activities through the virtual classroom to improve academic performance and  
analyze the impact of the virtual classroom on students in this subject. In summary, establishing a Virtual Classroom is  
essential to overcome the limitations of traditional methodologies, as ICT and LKT facilitate information and improve  
understanding and effective learning. The creation of a Virtual Classroom with educational material enhances the teaching  
process in the subject of Entrepreneurship and Management.  
Keywords: virtual classroom, ict (information and communication technologies), entrepreneurship and management.  
Resumen  
El objetivo de este estudio es optimizar el proceso educativo en la asignatura de Emprendimiento y Gestión para los  
estudiantes de primer año de Bachillerato General Unificado durante el año escolar 2023-2024, mediante la incorporación  
de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). Se utilizaron enfoques tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos,  
realizando encuestas a los estudiantes de primer año de Bachillerato General Unificado a través de Google Forms  
para recopilar datos y obtener resultados estadísticos. El estudio se centró en la integración de TIC y Tecnologías del  
Aprendizaje y Conocimiento (TAC), evaluando recursos digitales como videoconferencias, plataformas en línea, tutoriales  
en video y foros de discusión. Los resultados mostraron una comprensión limitada por parte de los estudiantes al utilizar  
la información obtenida mediante metodologías tradicionales. Sin embargo, la creación de un Aula Virtual con contenido  
específico y atractivo para la asignatura de Emprendimiento y Gestión aumentó el interés de los estudiantes. Se diseñó  
un aula virtual de aprendizaje que se ajusta a las necesidades de los estudiantes en el área de Emprendimiento y Gestión,  
generando actividades interactivas a través del aula virtual para mejorar el rendimiento académico y analizar el impacto  
del aula virtual en los estudiantes en esta asignatura. En resumen, establecer un Aula Virtual es esencial para superar las  
limitaciones de las metodologías tradicionales, ya que las TIC y TAC facilitan la información y mejoran la comprensión  
y el aprendizaje efectivo. La creación de un Aula Virtual con material educativo mejora el proceso de enseñanza en la  
asignatura de Emprendimiento y Gestión.  
Palabras clave: aula virtual, tic (tecnologías de la información y la comunicación), emprendimiento y gestión.  
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Introduction  
Withinthecontemporaryeducationallandscape, onlinelearningenvironmentshavegainedconsiderable  
relevance in secondary education, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing technological  
advancements in academic instruction. These digital classrooms, as educational resources, have been widely  
embraced by educational communities. This study aims to optimize cognitive development in the subject of  
Entrepreneurship and Management through the implementation of a Virtual Learning Environment.  
Macías et al. (2021) indicate that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced  
global productivity by facilitating the transmission of vast quantities of information worldwide. Consequently,  
their integration into pedagogical methodologies has proven highly significant (p. 26).  
The current educational curriculum emphasizes the development of competencies that extend beyond  
conventional content delivery, such as textbooks or standardized assessments. Accordingly, the strategic  
incorporation of ICT in academic instruction is prioritized, particularly within the subject of Entrepreneurship  
and Management, which cultivates essential competencies enabling students to perform effectively in  
professional contexts.  
In contrast, Tancan Meneses (2023), in the publication Social Imaginary Regarding Technological Tools,  
argues that the use of technological tools in educational settings is fundamental to progress and transformation  
in instructional strategies. Students construct knowledge through self-directed learning and collaborative  
practices, both within and beyond institutional boundaries (p. 32).  
To enhance student competencies, Virtual Learning Environments are employed, enabling continuous  
education unrestricted by temporal or spatial constraints, thereby stimulating creativity throughout the  
educational process. Furthermore, educators consolidate knowledge through appropriate scaffolding,  
assuming an essential role in inspiring and guiding students throughout their learning journey.  
This research was conducted during the 2023-2024 academic period, from October 2023 to March  
2024, and focused on developing a Virtual Learning Environment for the subject of Entrepreneurship and  
Management in the first year of the Unified General Baccalaureate. This VLE enables students to interact  
dynamically and engagingly with reinforcing content related to the subject matter, facilitating more effective  
and motivating learning experiences. With these delimitations established, the present investigation follows  
a clearly defined structure.  
The research adopts a mixed-methods, non-experimental design. Data collection employed multiple  
techniques, including surveys, observation protocols, in-depth interviews, and Likert-scale instruments. These  
toolsenabledacomprehensiveandnuancedunderstandingofstudentperceptionsandthepedagogicalimpact  
of the Virtual Learning Environment. A non-probability sampling strategy was implemented, encompassing a  
significant number of student surveys that provided valuable data for analysis.  
The primary objective of this research is to demonstrate how the implementation of a Virtual Learning  
Environment can enhance the educational process in the subject of Entrepreneurship and Management,  
fostering an interactive and accessible learning ecosystem. Additionally, this study seeks to underscore the  
significance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in contemporary education and examine  
how their strategic integration can transform and enrich students’ educational experiences.  
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Methods  
This study was conducted during the 2023-2024 academic period, from October 2023 to March 2024, and  
focused on developing a Virtual Learning Environment for the subject of Entrepreneurship and Management  
in the first year of the Unified General Baccalaureate. This VLE offers students the opportunity to interact  
dynamically and engagingly with reinforcing content related to the subject matter, promoting more effective  
and stimulating learning experiences. With these methodological delimitations established, the present  
investigation follows a clearly defined organizational structure.  
The research adopts a mixed-methods, non-experimental design. Data collection employed multiple  
techniques, including surveys, observation protocols, in-depth interviews, and Likert-scale instruments. These  
toolsenabledacomprehensiveandnuancedunderstandingofstudentperceptionsandthepedagogicalimpact  
of the Virtual Learning Environment. A non-probability sampling strategy was implemented, encompassing a  
significant number of student surveys that provided valuable data for analysis.  
The primary objective of this research is to demonstrate how the implementation of a Virtual Learning  
Environment can enhance the educational process in the subject of Entrepreneurship and Management,  
fostering an interactive and accessible learning ecosystem. Additionally, this study seeks to underscore the  
significance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in contemporary education and examine  
how their strategic integration can transform and enrich students’ educational experiences.  
Throughoutthedevelopmentofthisresearch, spanningOctober2023toMarch2024, theimplementation  
of the Virtual Learning Environment was analyzed to strengthen the educational process in the subject of  
Entrepreneurship and Management for first-year Unified General Baccalaureate students. Both qualitative and  
quantitative methodologies were employed.  
Cook et al. (1986) define that: “The role of qualitative methods, whether employed independently or  
in conjunction with quantitative methods, has attracted the attention of diverse stakeholders involved in the  
administration and evaluation of social intervention programs.”  
Qualitative methods are valuable for examining processes related to students’ experiences with the  
Virtual Learning Environment. This includes the application of surveys to gain in-depth understanding of  
how users interact with the VLE and how these interactions influence their learning processes. Conversely,  
quantitative methods enable the measurement of implementation effectiveness.  
Ángel & Brítez (2021) state that: “The media and instruments utilized must function as tools that support  
the data collection process and as mechanisms for bridging objectives with reality”.  
Therefore, the influence of qualitative instruments is emphasized, as they enable a more objective  
and direct understanding of respondents’ behaviors in relation to the data collection topic. The instruments  
employed in this research include:  
Qualitative Methods:  
Observation: This technique enables understanding of the internal dynamics of the educational  
institution by participating as observers to comprehend how students and teachers interact when delivering  
the subject under study, using platforms, and engaging with one another.  
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Quantitative Methods:  
Questionnaire: This instrument was designed to ensure student comprehension of each posed question,  
incorporating variables within the items to guarantee that the survey remains coherent, clear, and concise  
during completion.  
Statistical Analysis: Analyses of the administered questionnaires were conducted to generate conclusions  
regarding student usage and management of the Virtual Learning Environment. Survey items directed at  
students employed a summative four-point scale: Never, Occasionally, Often, Always.  
Theoretical Methods:  
Literature Review: Existing literature on Virtual Learning Environments and their impact on learning was  
investigated to establish a theoretical foundation, including theories of online learning, motivation theories,  
digital learning platforms, etc.  
Theoretical Modeling: A theoretical model was developed to explain the management of the Virtual  
Learning Environment to ensure an appropriate user experience for students, based on existing theories  
adapted to the context of this research project.  
Empirical Methods:  
Data Collection: A 10-item survey was administered to first-year Unified General Baccalaureate students,  
based on their experience with gamified platforms and the utility of ICT, which pave the way for the application  
of Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL).  
Data Processing: Data obtained for this research were collected via Google Forms, which provides  
information for data processing. Using Microsoft Office programs such as Excel, statistical graphs were  
generated for data analysis. This process enabled a clear understanding of trends regarding the use of  
gamified activities in learning the subject of Entrepreneurship and Management.  
Population and Sample: The study population is crucial, as it represents the context where the research is  
conducted and where primary data are obtained to understand and address the research problem. According  
to Ojeda, P. (2020), the population is defined as: “Accessible elements or units of analysis belonging to the  
specific scope where the study is developed.” In this research, first-year UGB students constitute the target  
population.  
The sample enables the selection of a specific subgroup from the population to understand the general  
interpretation of the existing problem. In this exploration, with a population smaller than 150 individuals, a non-  
probability sampling approach was employed, administering the research instrument to the entire population  
without requiring additional sampling procedures.  
Research Design Statement: Learning methodologies have undergone constant evolution in recent  
years due to circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which shifted education from face-to-face to  
virtual modalities in teaching-learning processes, alongside technological innovations that have introduced  
significant variations to traditional content delivery. Virtual Learning Environments are indispensable in  
contemporary education, strengthening knowledge and competencies in the area of Entrepreneurship and  
Management, a discipline essential for citizen formation and a tool for innovation and entrepreneurial initiative.  
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Significance, Social Relevance, Novelty, and Scientific Currency: Virtual Learning Environments provide  
students with educational content accessible from any location without temporal constraints, offering flexibility  
in study schedules, as evidenced during the 2019-2020 pandemic when face-to-face instruction became  
a health-risky endeavor. Thus, creativity and innovation are fostered through personalized and dynamic  
gamification tools.  
Society requires citizens equipped with entrepreneurship and management competencies, capable  
of addressing social needs in the labor market, generating communities that contribute innovative ideas  
supported by digital technological tools, and promoting economic and social development.  
Research on Virtual Learning Environments and their impact on entrepreneurship and management  
education is highly relevant, as it proposes innovation in the teaching-learning process, aligning with the  
emerging knowledge society and the digitalized world, not only in education but also in business innovation  
and administration through technological resources.  
Results  
The research conducted during the 2023-2024 academic period, from October 2023 to March  
2024, focused on implementing a Virtual Learning Environment for the subject of Entrepreneurship and  
Management among first-year Unified General Baccalaureate students. Findings obtained through qualitative  
and quantitative methods reveal several significant insights.  
Qualitative Methods: Observation enabled understanding of the internal classroom dynamics, illustrating  
how students and teachers interact when utilizing the virtual platform. Increased student participation and  
collaboration were observed, suggesting that the Virtual Learning Environment fosters a more interactive and  
engaging learning ecosystem.  
Quantitative Methods: Surveys administered to students via Google Forms indicated improved  
comprehension and retention of subject content. Collected data revealed that 85% of students found the  
Virtual Learning Environment useful and motivating. Statistical analysis of the questionnaires, using a four-  
point summative scale (Never, Occasionally, Often, Always), reflected that 70% of students frequently use the  
Virtual Learning Environment to reinforce their knowledge.  
Literature Review and Theoretical Modeling: The literature review on the use of Virtual Learning  
Environments and their impact on learning confirmed the significance of ICT in contemporary education.  
The theoretical model developed for this research provided a clear framework for the implementation and  
utilization of the Virtual Learning Environment, adapted to the specific needs of students.  
Data Collection and Processing: The 10-item survey administered to students revealed that 90% consider  
gamified platforms and ICT essential for their learning. Data processed via Excel enabled the generation of  
statistical graphs illustrating the positive trend in the use of gamified activities for learning the subject of  
Entrepreneurship and Management.  
Population and Sample: The study population included first-year UGB students, with a non-probability  
sample due to the relatively small population size (fewer than 150 individuals). This enabled administration of  
the research instrument to the entire population without requiring additional sampling procedures.  
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Survey Results  
Do you consider that the activities employed by the teacher during classes, such as project-based  
learning (collaborative), active learning, participatory learning, and self-directed learning, are motivating?  
Table 1  
Motivation Through Instructional Models Implemented by the Teacher  
Ítem  
Category  
Never  
Frequency  
Percentage  
11 %  
1
2
3
4
8
Occasionally  
Often  
36  
14  
13  
71  
51 %  
20 %  
Always  
18 %  
TOTAL  
100 %  
Source: Authors own elaboration based on the survey administered to General Unified Baccalaureate students (2024).  
Analysis reveals that approximately 36% of students express a lack of motivation when engaging in  
regular classroom academic activities. This lack of motivation may stem from various factors, including the  
repetitiveness of conventional pedagogical methodologies, limited opportunities for active interaction, and  
insufficient integration of technological resources capable of capturing student attention.  
To address this issue, it is essential to implement creative strategies that foster a more engaging and  
motivating learning environment. The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and  
the utilization of Virtual Learning Environments may constitute an effective alternative for enhancing student  
motivation and engagement. These tools enable the development of interactive and personalized activities  
that not only support content comprehension but also promote active participation and interest in learning.  
Furthermore, ongoing professional development for educators in the utilization of these technologies  
is essential, enabling them to design and implement pedagogical methodologies that address student needs  
and preferences. In this manner, the educational process can be transformed, rendering it more dynamic  
and meaningful for students, thereby contributing to the optimization of academic performance and holistic  
development.  
Considering that a Virtual Learning Environment is a space where multimedia content can be published,  
do you consider a VLE with pedagogical content appropriate for implementation in contemporary education?  
Tabla 2  
Virtual Learning Environment with Pedagogical Content  
Ítem  
Category  
Never  
Frequency  
Percentage  
0 %  
1
2
3
4
0
2
Occasionally  
Often  
3 %  
22  
47  
71  
31 %  
Always  
66 %  
TOTAL  
100 %  
Source: Authors own elaboration based on the survey administered to General Unified Baccalaureate students (2024).  
The presented data demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating Virtual Learning Environments with  
appropriate pedagogical materials, as they have become fundamental resources in contemporary education.  
The incorporation of these digital classrooms has facilitated student access to educational resources in a more  
flexible and adaptive manner, significantly enhancing their learning processes.  
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Furthermore, digital classrooms foster communication between students and educators, promoting a  
collaborative and active learning environment. This not only elevates student motivation and engagement but  
also provides opportunities to develop technological competencies and self-directed learning skills that are  
essential in todays context.  
The capacity of Virtual Learning Environments to deliver interactive and multimedia content—such as  
videos, simulations, and discussion forums—enhances the educational experience and renders learning more  
engaging and efficient. Students can progress at their own pace, review content as needed, and participate in  
exercises that reinforce their understanding of key concepts.  
In conclusion, the development of Virtual Learning Environments with appropriate pedagogical materials  
not only addresses current educational demands but also equips students to confront future challenges,  
providing them with the tools and competencies necessary to succeed in an increasingly digital and globalized  
world.  
Would you utilize a Virtual Learning Environment to acquire knowledge related to the subject of  
Entrepreneurship and Management?  
Tabla 3  
Virtual Learning Environment as a Learning Ecosystem  
Ítem  
Category  
Never  
Frequency  
Percentage  
1 %  
1
2
3
4
1
3
Occasionally  
Often  
4 %  
11  
56  
71  
16 %  
Always  
79 %  
TOTAL  
100 %  
Source: Authors own elaboration based on the survey administered to General Unified Baccalaureate students (2024).  
Resources available on these platforms encompass supporting materials, collaborative workspaces,  
interactive digital resources, and multimedia elements, which promote autonomous and meaningful learning.  
The utilization of Virtual Learning Environments provides students with access to diverse supporting resources,  
such as documents, slide presentations, and supplementary readings, which complement and reinforce topics  
addressed in face-to-face sessions. These resources are accessible anytime and anywhere, facilitating study  
and review at the students own pace.  
Collaborative workspaces within online classrooms promote cooperation and teamwork among  
students. Through discussion forums, synchronous conversations, and group assignments, students have the  
opportunity to exchange ideas, clarify doubts, and collaborate on task completion, thereby enhancing their  
educational process and fostering interpersonal and communicative competencies.  
Interactive digital resources, including simulations, educational games, and online quizzes, render  
learning more dynamic and engaging. These components enable students to apply acquired knowledge in  
enjoyable and practical ways, supporting comprehension and retention of information.  
Multimedia resources, such as videos, podcasts, and animated presentations, provide visual and auditory  
modes of knowledge acquisition, which may be particularly beneficial for students with diverse learning styles.  
These multimedia resources not only capture student attention but also facilitate exploration of topics from  
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multiple perspectives. These tools and materials accessible through Virtual Learning Environments promote  
more autonomous and meaningful education, wherein students assume protagonism in their own learning  
processes.  
The accessibility and flexibility of Virtual Learning Environments facilitate the development of critical  
and creative competencies, more effectively preparing students to confront challenges in professional and  
academic contexts.  
Figure 1  
Proposed Intervention  
Note. Screenshot of the home interface of the developed virtual environment (2024).  
Figure 2  
Secondary module of the developed virtual platform.  
Note. Screenshot of the academic activities management section (2024).  
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It is important to consider that students require effective tools to support their learning. Therefore, the  
Virtual Learning Environment must be designed with attention to the specific needs of learners to ensure  
successful implementation. When asked about the utility of employing a Virtual Learning Environment for the  
subject of Entrepreneurship and Management, results indicated that the majority of students consider it very  
useful or useful. These findings underscore the necessity of developing appropriate strategies to integrate the  
Virtual Learning Environment into the educational process, ensuring that its impact is significant and beneficial  
for students, and that it does not go unnoticed in their academic formation.  
Discussion  
The present research, “Implementation of a Virtual Learning Environment for the Subject of  
Entrepreneurship and Management in the First Year of Unified General Baccalaureate,” addresses the need to  
enhance the educational process through the utilization of digital technologies. It acknowledges the limitations  
inherent in traditional pedagogical methodologies and emphasizes the importance of developing innovative  
strategies that integrate Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Technology-Enhanced  
Learning (TEL) into instructional practice.  
Identifying deficiencies in the use of traditional methodologies should be viewed as an opportunity  
to implement technological tools that improve educational quality. This research focuses on how a Virtual  
Learning Environment can transform learning, rendering it more interactive and engaging for students, and on  
how these tools can be adapted to satisfy the specific needs of learners.  
Surveys revealed that students consider the use of a Virtual Learning Environment highly useful for the  
subject of Entrepreneurship and Management. They prefer accessing interactive and multimedia educational  
resources that enable autonomous and meaningful learning. These findings underscore the necessity of  
designing and implementing Virtual Learning Environments that respond to student expectations and needs,  
ensuring that the impact of these tools is positive and significant in their academic formation.  
Only through the effective integration of ICT and TEL into the educational process can the objectives  
proposed in this research be achieved, thereby improving academic performance and student motivation, and  
preparing learners to confront challenges in professional and academic contexts.  
Conclusions  
The implementation of a Virtual Learning Environment for the subject of Entrepreneurship and  
Management has proven to be an effective tool for enhancing the educational process. Students have  
demonstratedincreasedmotivationandengagementwheninteractingwiththedigitalandmultimediaresources  
available on the platform. This instructional modality not only facilitates access to supporting materials but also  
promotes autonomous and meaningful learning, adapted to the individual needs of each student.  
The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Technology-Enhanced  
Learning (TEL) within the Virtual Learning Environment has enabled the creation of a more dynamic and  
interactive learning ecosystem. Students have been able to collaborate and participate actively in their  
educational process, resulting in improved comprehension and retention of content. Furthermore, the use  
of tools such as videoconferencing, discussion forums, and online quizzes has enriched the educational  
experience, rendering learning more engaging and effective.  
The findings of this research underscore the importance of adapting pedagogical methodologies to  
the demands of the modern world. Education must evolve to incorporate digital technologies that facilitate  
learning and prepare students to confront future challenges. The creation of Virtual Learning Environments  
with appropriate pedagogical content not only improves academic performance but also develops critical  
and creative competencies in students, contributing to their holistic formation and success in professional and  
academic domains.  
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References  
Ángel, M., & Brítez, A. (2021). Relevant aspects of data collection techniques and instruments in qualitative  
Cook, T. D., Reichardt, C. S., Solana, G., & Álvarez Méndez, J. M. (1986). Qualitative and quantitative methods  
in  
evaluative  
research.  
cuantitativos_en.html?hl=es&id=E-vqzcBuCi0C  
Delgado, W. E., & Aliaga-Pacora, A. A. (2022). Professional competencies and entrepreneurship management  
article/view/4142/6330  
Gómez Ayala, M. E. (2021). Use of the virtual classroom in meaningful learning among preparatory-level  
children at the Alejo Lascano Bahamonde Educational Unit, Guayaquil, 2020.  
Macías, G. G. G., Suarez, A. J. C., & Mayorga, J. A. C. (2021). Applications of ICT in education. RECIAMUC,  
Ministry of Education. (2017). Entrepreneurship and Management Guide.  
Mohamed Al-Lal, F. (2021). Intelligent classroom: Definition and evolution. Didasc@lia: Didáctica  
y
Educación,  
ISSN-e  
2224-2643,  
12  
(2),  
96–118.  
articulo?codigo=7922026&info=resumen&idioma=ENG  
Tancan Meneses, A. L. (2023). Technological tools in the development of skills and competencies in the subject  
aulavirtual/primeros-pasos/que-es-el-aula-virtual/  
Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Gabriela Melo Hanna (University of Guayaquil) for the academic translation  
of this manuscript into English.  
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Poor girls, boys, and adolescents. A social reality  
Niñas, niños y adolescentes pobres. Una realidad social  
1Fernando José Castillo  
Metropolitan University of Ecuador. Guayaquil, Ecuador.  
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0661-448X  
Received date: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 26/04/2026  
Abstract  
This article focuses on a social reality that has occurred, is occurring, and will continue to occur in South  
America, and indeed, in almost the entire world: the despair and anguish that characterize the lives of minors  
who endure cruel hardships considered a form of modern-day slavery, without the rights guaranteed to them  
by most laws worldwide. This research, presented using an analytical and hermeneutic approach, highlights the  
grave situation of this societal group, which is hindering the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals  
because this delicate and crucial issue has not been addressed with due seriousness. This equates, according  
to some assumptions regarding this unfinished delineation of integration, to the increasing weakening of the  
family institution as its members are forced to find ways to alleviate their situation, including children and  
adolescents who are pressured to contribute some income instead of attending school and “wasting time”  
there, thus childishly juggling the disruption of their childhood or youthful future.  
Keywords: rights, minors, extreme poverty.  
Resumen  
El propósito del artículo es el enfoque de una realidad social que ha ocurrido, ocurre y seguirá ocurriendo en  
Suramérica y por no decir, en casi todo el mundo, es el desconsuelo y la angustia por la cual transcurre “la  
vida” de las personas minoriles que soportan las crueles vicisitudes que se considera como una “moderna”  
esclavitud sin que priven los Derechos que la mayoría de las leyes en el mundo están dictadas para protegerles.  
Esta investigación se presenta en la modalidad Documental, Analítica y Hermenéutica donde se evidencia  
la grave situación de este grupo societal que se aleja del cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados en la  
Cumbre del Milenio por no haberse tomado con la debida seriedad este delicado y transcendental contenido.  
Lo que equivale, a algunos supuestos referidos a este inacabado deslinde de integración, a que cada vez más  
se debilite la institución familiar al tener sus miembros que rebuscarse un medio para aminorar la situación,  
incluyendo a las niñas, niños y adolescentes que se les inculca la obligación de colaborar con algún ingreso en  
vez de asistir a la escuela y “perder el tiempo” en ella puerilizando en malabarismos la ruptura de su infantil  
o juvenil futuro.  
Palabras clave: derechos, personas minoriles, pobreza extrema.  
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Introduction  
Taking into account the intricate context of the redefinition of power and the immoral concentration  
of wealth among certain individuals, in contradiction with an expansion and spread of poverty and, with it,  
hunger, as a consideration of the secular individual-society dilemma, always trusting in the expectations of  
a well-being that never arrives, perpetually evocative of great human sensitivity—it is for this reason that  
this minority group, composed of girls, boys, and adolescents, needs the necessary assistance to escape or  
change this situation. And if such assistance is not provided appropriately, this societal group will not ‘learn to  
fish while being given the fish,’ which will, paradoxically, lead them to remain poor.  
From this perspective, economic misfortune and insufficiency must be approached from a myriad of  
coincidences or as an emotional disorder that can cause psychosocial failure or decline marked by deprivation,  
as a result of the cause-effect relationship. Therefore, it must be considered a multidisciplinary and complex  
circumstance from the moment the process of impoverishment begins until, through certain procedures, it  
is transformed through the evolution, progress, and development of the groups involved in this economic  
situation. Otherwise, these societal collectives will remain in the same situation indefinitely, excluded from the  
trappings of progress, from the erosion of institutional frameworks to the fragmentation of the social fabric  
and the influence of external factors. Hence, according to Guerra Velásquez (2009:143), who states: ‘Numerous  
are the evaluations and discussions that include historical, economic, cultural, and social analyses among the  
causes of poverty in the world.  
This situation, which leaves very little to address the sectoral needs of its immense demand, increases  
the number of ‘boys and girls of and on the street’ as future unemployed individuals, thus perpetuating the  
culture of hunger and, with it, life in unhealthy, disorderly shantytowns—yet marked by complexity and chaos—  
simultaneously plagued by major disruptions in their changing reality, subject to the contingencies of time  
and space in which ‘one lives,’ and further enveloped in uncertainties and dreams of changes concerning the  
inequalities and differences that arouse the fears awakened by their altruistic side.  
These stereotypes have reached proportions insufficiently addressed by the social sciences. Therefore,  
each governmental system, with the expediency that circumstances demand, must assume the inescapable  
commitment to promote concrete political actions to combat hunger and extreme poverty in this part of the  
continent—one as a consequence of the other—and to consolidate comprehensive educational, economic,  
and health systems that include and incorporate these individuals into a genuine democratic system of  
freedom, so that they may have a future different from the dark present they are currently experiencing.  
It is public and well-known that these individuals who survive under conditions of extreme poverty, yet  
seek a formulation to build an identity based on facts of which there are thousands of pieces of evidence in this  
part of the continent—where it is noted that they sleep on cardboard boxes that the night provides them—  
have no hope that their situation will change, nor do they have confidence in themselves or in the authorities  
to change it, thereby becoming a harsh, undeniable, and unavoidable reality. This leads to one of the most  
dramatic situations in Latin America: ‘boys and girls of and on the street.’  
These minors in situations of extreme poverty do not have a suitable place to spend the night; and  
if they do, it is an unhealthy shantytown lacking the necessary means of coexistence that the complexity,  
multidimensionality, and decline of reality demand. Consequently, they spend their lives on the street searching  
for sustenance, even if it comes from garbage. Because most have broken their family ties or these ties are very  
weak, they develop street survival strategies such as begging and certain marginal ‘jobs’ like ‘watching cars’ or  
selling some product in the informal economy—without this improving their conditions to enrich their reality  
or constructing a perspective of ‘family’ integration.  
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The particularity of these special societal groups is that they lack formal education, do not surpass  
the first grades of primary school, or are illiterate; and because they live on the street, they have no fixed  
place to situate themselves, simultaneously facing the inherent demands of a premise of openness in the  
sense of opening a theory to reality. Likewise, they suffer from inadequate nutrition, and their health is highly  
deficient, without achieving a fertile integration of one with the other. Following Mandry Llano (2009:163), who  
states: ‘Health and poverty constitute two terms that are associated and closely related; almost always, this  
relationship is inversely proportional, that is, the less poverty, the greater the health; an increase in poverty  
corresponds to a deterioration in health.’ To that extent, they do not find a congruent course of action, where  
reality remains perpetually postponed; any attempt to elucidate it is an exercise that cannot be allowed to  
succumb to the power of trivializations.  
Furthermore, they lack family affection due to not having a nucleus in which to gather, so morality is  
not a privilege to be followed; and if it is necessary to beg or steal for sustenance, it must be done in order to  
survive. Another point to consider is that, just as they break relations with their family members as a factor of  
growth, they also do so with their community or neighborhood, forming street groups through forms of action,  
interaction, or contacts aligned with their same interests and subjected to similar risks, maintaining the same  
level of poverty and the losses of an aspiration within the warp of reality and the possibilities of the extension  
between the real and life itself, in a perpetual closure without openness.  
Unfortunately, there is no exact number of how many minors are in this situation of extreme poverty in  
Latin America, a response that cannot be constructed because each country has a different rate, in addition  
to the individual growth of its population amid the effects of todays societies—which do not overlook the  
crucial nature of the ephemeral but exercise the confluences of the different and the unequal as a force field  
where the precariousness of the human condition, unjust distances, and pertinent ones continue to coexist as  
a construction of differences without possibilities for renewal, change, or ruptures in favor of freedom.  
However, what is constant is that the number of people and families in this situation of extreme poverty  
is increasingly growing, due to the economic contraction generated post-COVID-19 and the political and  
economic situation of most countries in the region. Another consequence to consider is the abandonment  
of the father from the family nucleus, possibly due to domestic violence, leaving the mother and the rest of  
the offspring without corresponding sustenance, forcing the woman to go out to work or to send the minor  
children to the street to obtain some food to survive, she and the rest of her siblings—a situation not exempt  
from the apprehension between the implacable game of life to survive and the new searches for certainties  
that will not be, nor can be, accessible.  
These human groups in critical poverty come from overcrowded households in slums and deprived  
areas, bounded by apprehension and need, unable to enter into the concept of a social structure. They are  
mostly found in nearby urban centers where formal or informal commerce is generated, where there is greater  
vehicular and pedestrian traffic to counteract the limitations of possibilities as a perpetual dynamic with an  
illusion of singularity.  
This gives them guarantees of obtaining some sustenance from pious individuals who collaborate with  
them by offering some food or clothing upon seeing their condition of begging, as they are unkempt and  
wearing dirty, deteriorated clothes within the sphere of immediacy. In this sense, within this group remain  
minors who, due to not possessing an adequate education—that is, being illiterate—will join the ranks of the  
unemployed or underpaid workers with no expectations of improvement. Therefore, it is most likely that they  
will possibly increase the ranks of juvenile delinquents.  
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Hunger in the yotuh sector  
The dehumanization of poverty and its dramatic expressions is a practice created to justify segregation  
and ethnic stereotypes, accepting an alleged tolerance of economic inequality, produced in its fully constitutive  
dynamism without exteriority, since the economically poor have always been linked to delinquency and  
violence by criminal justice, in addition to being associated with criminality in a denigrating manner. This  
signifies transversal referents and structural dimensions of complexity within the general conceptualization.  
Another of the serious complications manifested by youth unemployment is the deployment of  
violence, crime, and the consumption and trafficking of prohibited substances, because they are recruited by  
criminal groups to join and increase criminal gangs, since they have no other means of survival in a society that  
discriminates against them for the mere fact of being poor and belonging to a humble family. This leads to,  
according to Alvarado Chacín (2003:433).  
Corruption of various kinds that became widespread (...) along with economic recession, the  
constant decline of economic and social indicators, the deterioration of living conditions for the  
majority, and exclusion that even generated processes of social violence and anomie, sharpened  
contradictions, inequalities, and discontent, and led the collective to demand from the powers  
that be not only an end to poverty and exclusion but also the restoration of their hope through  
the construction of an inclusive political project, in which they would be taken into account and  
recognized as human beings and as citizens.  
This impact, both at a personal and family level, notably affects Latin American countries, both  
individually and collectively, due to the absence of borders caused by human trafficking that occurs between  
different States, as populations seek to cover their basic needs by any means necessary, regardless of where  
they might achieve or obtain them.  
Under these parameters, unemployment—as a worrying priority for this sector of the population—has  
increased even further, subsequently compounded by the health factor as a consequence of COVID-19, also  
being considered as the lack of jobs. This has been severely estimated among young citizens who have already  
completed their secondary education, causing a disincentive to achieve higher levels of education and better  
remuneration in the future, taking into account the daily processing of lived experience from the past and that  
which is constructed in the present.  
This, without taking into consideration the extensive elucidation of the large percentage of young  
people who abandon their studies upon reasoning that it is useless to study if later they cannot escape poverty  
in the future or if they must dramatize it, because they cannot know what the immediacy of the next day holds  
for them or their final destiny, although always with the illusion that each one, in their diminutive solipsism,  
harbors a favorable change in their life—which almost mostly leads them to commit crimes to achieve, or at  
least momentarily, cover their primary need: ‘hunger.’  
Therefore, it is the limited access to the goods and services necessary for survival that causes the  
absence of minimum standards of well-being, such as health, education, housing, and full employment, which  
gives rise to—without this conduct being justified—their members committing crimes and being imprisoned  
with greater force than other social groups, with girls, boys, and adolescents being the most affected by  
‘inhabiting’ an environment of poverty, delinquency, and misery.  
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The Latin American societal group comprised of persons under twenty years of age suffers the same or  
worse consequences as the rest of the low-income population, with the additional problems of unemployment,  
lack of education, and criminalization by authorities and the rest of the ‘decent’ population, who view the  
increase in juvenile delinquency with concern without addressing the main causes that provoke it. This problem  
of youth unemployment presents itself as a catastrophe for the economies of most countries in this part of  
the continent, due to the social and economic repercussions both for these individuals and for their families,  
aside from the consequences for the different governments, which will see an increase in violence due to  
the desperation of not being able to obtain sustenance for their maintenance, leading to regional political  
instability.  
Another of the main problems presented by hunger in the youth population is the lack of capacity for  
them to access the educational system in their respective countries, because they cannot be incorporated due  
to ‘budgetary constraints,’ which notably affects future economies due to the lack of training of the workforce  
that will be required for the implementation of new technologies. Therefore, these particular societal groups are  
discriminated against and categorized as ‘evil-doers and delinquents’ by the rest of society without any general  
reason or due to particular and individual responsibilities, additionally suffering extreme and discriminatory  
mistreatment, which exacerbates confusion and distorts the original meaning of poverty, which is considered  
to be categorized and composed of outcast and incorrigible persons, regardless of whether each individual,  
alone or separately, and even within the participatory axis, is considered to form part of the shared foundation  
of poverty. Consequently, this generalized attitude generates fertile ground for stigmatization.  
In this sense, the forgetfulness, disinterest, and neglect of the phenomenon called ‘hunger’ as a  
consequence of extreme poverty must not be accepted as an unsolvable social and economic situation for this  
segment of the population. Therefore, it is necessary for these groups to demand the attainment of Collective  
Rights in order to overcome once and for all, or at least minimize, the social and political discrimination and  
exclusion to which this sector of society is subjugated and subordinated. Thus, this cultural denigration to  
which this mistreated and invisibilized societal group is subjected by its own kind can be eliminated or at least  
attenuated through structural policies of improvement.  
This, without taking into consideration the large percentage of young people who abandon their  
studies upon reasoning that it is useless to study in this useless and maladaptive system if later they cannot  
escape poverty, which leads them to perform precarious and underpaid jobs, or worse yet, to commit crimes to  
achieve, at least momentarily, covering their primary need, which is to satisfy or at least mitigate the suffering  
of hunger. The perspective of each of these beings is fundamentally a non-trans-situational subsistence, in the  
same proportions in which survival in all its forms manifests itself as ‘their way of life.’  
Although the family institution is considered a group united by consanguinity or law, in addition to  
mutually providing affection, love, and protection among its members, unfortunately the critical economic  
situation has almost made this bond disappear in these societal groups that are in critical poverty, which means  
that the entity of the family is increasingly weakened because all its members must scrutinize even garbage as  
a means to alleviate the lamentable situation of an uncertain and ungraspable future, given the extension of  
its factual fabric.  
Under these parameters, girls and boys who participate in obtaining some sustenance are included,  
as they are instilled with the obligation to collaborate with some income instead of attending school and  
‘wasting time’ there, according to their parents, which accentuates their condition of vagrancy—a condition  
that carries the particular significance for understanding the multiple effects of the radical differentiation and  
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distance between individuals and society. This situation and its forms of concretization increase the behavior of  
‘boys and girls of and on the street’ as future unemployed individuals, perpetuating the culture of hunger and  
need that rests upon a relationship of immediate belief that leads them not to believe in nor accept ‘another  
comfortable world,’ and thus to maintain survival in unhealthy shantytowns.  
Indeed, it is public and well-known that these individuals who survive under conditions of extreme  
poverty and with the notion of an admittedly imperfect society—facts of which there are thousands of pieces  
of evidence in this part of the continent, where it is stipulated that these people sleep outdoors on sidewalks,  
wherever the night finds them, lying on cardboard boxes—have no hope that their situation will change, nor  
do they have confidence in themselves or in the authorities to change it, in a kind of diffuse generalization of  
realities integrated into the processes of connection with the context, thereby becoming a harsh, undeniable,  
and unavoidable reality. This leads to one of the most dramatic situations in Latin America: the formation of  
boys and girls of and on the street.  
This situation of helplessness of minors in critical circumstances is due, for the most part, to the absence  
of public policies that authorities and systems must dictate to control this scourge, regardless of the fact that  
governments are created for the improvement of countries. Although legal regulations in almost the entire  
world establish the duty to respect the right to security and protection of these minors as special subjects  
corresponding to their superior well-being precisely because they are boys, girls, and adolescents, in addition  
to human flourishing and the duty to maximize their prosperity and satisfaction as a deliberate end, the increase  
in extreme child and youth poverty and the change in the profile of the affected population are alarming. This  
is a relationship of complementarity between individual identity and collective identity.  
In this regard, unfortunately, at present, the extreme situation of these minors means that more boys and  
girls from urban areas, previously middle class, now live in a considerable and relative poverty. It is public and  
well-known, as already noted, that these groups of minors in situations of excessive scarcity and destitution do  
not have an adequate, appropriate, or suitable place to spend the night; and if by chance they ‘coexist with  
their family’—probably fragmented—they do so in an unhealthy shantytown without the necessary means of  
coexistence and under an identical sameness.  
Therefore, most of ‘their lives’ are spent on the street searching for some sustenance, even if it is from  
garbage to satisfy their hunger. Most of them ‘survive’ alone or with a similar group, since most have broken  
their family ties or these ties are very weak; therefore, they develop street survival strategies such as begging  
and certain marginal ‘jobs’ like ‘watching cars’ or selling some product in the informal economy—a situation  
that escapes the order of its problematization, and most of these little beings suppose that ‘this happens to  
others and not to them,’ as a multiple consciousness in the lifeworld.  
The particularity and intelligibility of the real and the social is that these child and youth societal groups  
lack formal education, do not surpass the first grades of primary school, or are illiterate; and because they live  
on the street, they have no fixed place to situate themselves. Likewise, they suffer from inadequate nutrition,  
and their health is highly deficient, which means a problem whose questions and answers are devised but not  
resolved by governmental spheres.  
Furthermore, most lack family affection and love due to not having a nucleus in which to gather, so  
morality is not a privilege to be followed; and if it is necessary to beg or steal for daily sustenance, it must be  
done in order to survive.  
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Another point to consider is that, just as they break relations with their family members as a forced factor  
of involution, they also definitively separate themselves from their community or neighborhood where they  
were born or raised, forming street groups through forms of action, interaction, or contacts aligned with their  
same interests and subjected to similar risks, maintaining the same level of poverty. However, what is constant  
is that the number of people and families—not only boys, girls, and adolescents—in this situation of extreme  
poverty is increasingly growing, due to the economic contraction generated by the political situation of most  
countries in the region.  
Another consequence to consider is the abandonment of the father from the family nucleus and, on  
some occasions, the mother as well—though not always—possibly due to domestic violence, which means  
leaving, in that case, the mother and the rest of the offspring without corresponding sustenance, forcing the  
woman to go out to work or to send the minor children to the street to obtain some food to survive, she and  
the rest of her siblings. This situation becomes a Matiscentrada, that is, a society centered around the mother.  
This quality does not guarantee possibilities for solving the problem, nor does it culminate the rupture that  
derives from an awareness of its partial condition.  
These groups in critical poverty, without intentionality or awareness of their situation, come from  
overcrowded households in slums and deprived areas, and are cyclically and mostly found in nearby urban  
centers where formal or informal commerce is generated, where there is greater vehicular and pedestrian  
traffic, forming a natural relationship that immediacy implies. This gives them guarantees of obtaining some  
sustenance from pious individuals who collaborate with them by offering some food or clothing upon seeing  
their condition of begging, as they are unkempt and wearing dirty, deteriorated clothes given their objectified  
condition that is neither transferable nor transmissible.  
In this sense, within this societal group remain minors who, due to not possessing an adequate  
education—thatis,beingilliterate—jointheranksoftheunemployedorunderpaidworkerswithnoexpectations  
of improvement. Therefore, it is most likely that they will increase the ranks of juvenile delinquents, having no  
glimmer of hope for change due to that experiential transit, with a consciousness permeated in representation  
of their own limits in an inadequate economic situation, with the condition of subjects who assume the  
problematization of the world in which they live under expectations that do not consist of a particular rationality.  
The group comprised of persons, most of the time under twenty years of age, likewise suffers the same or  
worse consequences as the rest of the low-income population, with the additional problems of unemployment  
and underemployment due to lack of education and training, in addition to criminalization by authorities  
and the rest of the ‘decent’ population, who view the increase in juvenile delinquency with concern without  
addressing the main causes that provoke it, and without taking into account any adequate analytical reflection,  
but rather taking into consideration the representations of immediate experiences of the social world in which  
they dwell.  
This problem of youth unemployment presents itself as a catastrophe for the economies of most  
countries in this part of the continent, due to the social and economic repercussions both for this societal  
group individually and for their families, aside from the consequences for the different governments, which will  
see an increase in internal violence due to the desperation of not being able to obtain adequate sustenance  
for their maintenance, leading to regional political instability. This affirmation corresponds to the order of  
representations that do not transcend the political order nor the possibility of structural change from an  
economic-social point of view.  
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Another of the main and serious problems presented by the despair in the youth population as a  
consequence of hunger and lack of capacity are the limitations in accessing the educational system in their  
respective countries—without falling into absolute limitation—in that it is almost always due to ‘budgetary  
constraints’ that they cannot be incorporated, which notably affects their future economies due to the lack  
of training of the adequate workforce required for the implementation of new technologies, as a finite and  
circumscribed starting point to solve a project with a futuristic vision as a conception of a multifactorial society  
in coexistence with one another.  
However, even though education constitutes a factor of vital importance for individual and general  
personal development of each country, each young person must make the decision to study or not, with  
knowledge of the monetary costs that represent a significant portion of the meager income they may earn,  
which means: if they study, they do not eat; and if they eat, they cannot study—a secular issue of the question of  
the genesis of the social that cannot be resolved outside the consideration of the individual-society bipolarity.  
This school dropout is notably and negatively reflected in the skilled workforce, as the labor market increasingly  
demands greater and better knowledge.  
Another factor, which is not a random indicator to consider, is that most educational systems in the  
southern part of the American continent do not train students ‘for work’—a forging constructed within the  
territory that each person fashions as a vital action from their own condition of the possibility of their existence,  
which barely transcends the boundaries of the family. Unfortunately, without implying a clear delimitation  
of boundaries or distancing from reality, neither a university degree nor a higher technical degree offers  
guarantees of access to employment; moreover, a young person who is illiterate has a greater probability of  
working than one who has completed primary or secondary education. This is due to the type of work that can  
be performed and the economic income to be received.  
Another of the serious complications manifested by youth unemployment is the deployment of violence,  
crime, and the consumption and trafficking of prohibited substances, because young people are recruited by  
criminal gangs to join and increase criminal groups, since they have no other means of survival in a society that  
discriminates against them for the mere fact of being poor and belonging to humble families. This primary  
stage of this relationship is articulated from different sides and through different forms that begin in the most  
immediate exteriority, which barely transcends the residential boundaries where the family ‘dwells.’  
This social impact, both at a personal and family level, notably affects Latin American countries, both  
individually and collectively, due to the absence of borders caused by human trafficking that occurs between  
different States, as populations seek to cover their basic needs by any means necessary, regardless of where  
they might achieve or obtain them, through the various forms in which the surrounding world and its referential  
contexts intervene in family spaces. This irregular situation leads to regional political instability because  
no government in the world is prepared to exercise control over such formidable immigration in a state of  
desperation.  
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), young people must choose between working  
in any lawful activity to somehow overcome extreme poverty—most of the time earning a meager wage,  
working long hours—or joining the informal economy by selling any dry goods or fruits, suffering climatic  
calamities and those caused by other people, or simply deciding not to work and dedicating themselves to  
criminal activities.  
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This panorama is the exclusion and poverty suffered by this population segment not only in this region  
of the continent but worldwide, which condescends to new structures as some substantial changes take place.  
This situation reflects the enormous magnitude of the intense crisis and uncertainty expressed in this sector of  
society. This youth behavior is intimately related to the rest of the Latin American population.  
The poor who live in a human relationality where fear and hope converge with dignity have apparently  
become a governmental concern, having as a common denominator the desperate expression of this societal  
group, expressly singled out in electoral speeches as the most disadvantaged, but always promising social and  
economic well-being for all, without these programs being fulfilled or fully satisfying social demands.  
This uncertainty translates into an impertinence to an imposition of adverse forces and to the increase of  
complexity as a despotic metaphor of the future. Therefore, these programs do not constitute a state policy to  
definitively end poverty but rather to somehow increase the countrys economy, hoping that some devastated  
and helpless areas classified as extremely poor can develop economically.  
It is necessary to have higher educational levels and less human deterioration due to nutritional and  
health problems so that youth groups can enter the labor market and try to escape poverty, although each  
individual refers to a unique and unrepeatable yet manifestly plural sociability when considering all these  
individual beings as a whole. However, education alone does not solve poverty; it certainly helps greatly if  
adequate economic conditions exist in the country. Therefore, one of the main problems in solving poverty—  
not the only one—is the training and job preparation of these youthful persons, because the uncertainty of  
youth unemployment as a consequence of their inexperience is assuming dangerous proportions in many  
countries, where their economies and educational systems cannot incorporate the number of young people  
who should annually enter the labor market.  
Youth unemployment is an urgent issue that has demographic, economic, social, health, environmental,  
political, and legal repercussions, both for the State and for the individuals involved, and especially for families,  
if not properly addressed, given the referential entry point to possible security within the limits of daily life—a  
context in which a network of situations involved in generally changing particular and global relations is  
totalized. Additionally, gender gaps in labor inclusion, determined by the unequal distribution of the workload  
that falls on young women or not, must be taken into consideration.  
With the lack of employment, the youth societal group, feeling psychically and emotionally unstable,  
being rejected and socially expelled, will increase crime, violence, and everything that entails toward the  
margins of the law, both to survive and to express their discontent and abandonment. Consequently, it is  
imperative that the young sector of society be incorporated into governmental policies, providing them with  
employment opportunities and sustainable, dignified, and decent means of livelihood to overcome poverty  
through honest work.  
In these countries, young people must choose between working in the informal sector or not working  
at all. Due to various factors, they are not trained to perform the tasks demanded by employers; therefore,  
they must study and prepare for them, or perform long workdays for a meager income precisely because of  
their lack of knowledge. Labor inclusion is key to combating poverty, reducing informality and inequality, and  
advancing toward inclusive individual or general social development. Another factor excluding young people  
from employment is that, due to their economic situation, they find themselves outside the Formal Educational  
System; therefore, only a minimal number manage to complete basic or primary education due to dropout  
rates and survive in the informal economy, always carrying need on their shoulders.  
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Moreover, the system does not educate for work, as it does not teach the use of technical tools,  
technological equipment, and instruments that adequately train and empower individuals to perform special  
functions or specific trades. Likewise, very few—without being exclusive—due to their capacity, intelligence,  
and skill, and also being competitive, manage to establish themselves as independent workers or set up their  
own prosperous business, thereby demonstrating their own transcendence and self-improvement.  
‘Boys and girls of and on the street’ are those under 18 years of age who do not maintain contact with  
their family members or these ties are very weak; they have broken all relations with their community and take  
the street as a natural habitat, displacing the family as an essential factor of growth and socialization. To this end,  
they develop diverse survival strategies that expose them to various types of risks and degradations, assuming  
their life as ‘an established or imposed reality.’ The population of this youth and child group does not remain  
static as partisans of certain forms of relativization that presuppose imbrications and mediations, because due  
to socioeconomic factors, it grows increasingly larger, which increases the deterioration of the quality of life of  
this societal sector, further advancing the progression of poverty and violence in these countries. According to  
what was established in the ‘National Forum: Poverty’ (2003:31): ‘All Venezuelans share the conviction that the  
crisis we are going through today is deep, complex, and of enormous magnitude. It is expressed to us daily  
and in different ways, intensity, and faces, above all, youthful faces.’  
Most of this social group is not on the street by their own initiative; rather, circumstances have led them  
to abandon ‘their homes,’ constituted on the basis of a destitute situation, suffering intra-family and extra-  
family violence and extreme poverty, with traditional domestic overcrowding, in addition to enduring hunger  
and helplessness. This results in deficient health, without being able to undertake a path of reconstruction  
due to their complex experiential environment—although this does not imply assuming the notion of society  
except as an aggregate of individuals. This group comes from slums and hamlets depressed by need, which,  
due to their reality, form around urban centers where the economy and commerce flow. Furthermore, there are  
no public or private schools in the sector nor health centers to care for them.  
The survival strategies of these minors in poverty are based above all on begging, informal street  
vending, occupation in marginal activities, committing petty thefts and robberies, and accepting donations of  
food, clothing, and other belongings offered by charitable individuals or passersby in the environment where  
they ‘dwell,’ without assuming the notion of community. Poverty reduction requires time, effort, and political  
disposition from governmental authorities and civil society to combat it and minimize it to its greatest extent.  
Meanwhile, hunger requires immediate solution to prevent malnutrition in this population segment.  
Conclusions  
Children, girls, boys, and adolescents in situations of poverty—which could be described as begging with  
its dramatic expressions—represent an extreme situation of weakness and vulnerability that requires priority  
and urgent attention oriented toward confronting a multiple social challenge due to its complexity. They are  
found everywhere, but especially in urban centers, notwithstanding the questions and doubts regarding their  
own paradigms if their problems are considered within the indeterminacy of Chaos Theory.  
Thisgroupmaintainsprecariousandminimalhealthduetothelackofadequatefoodandthemistreatment  
of all kinds they receive daily from the rest of the general population, as well as from members of their own  
groups. Unfortunately, the impact of poverty results in the creation of a trauma from which recovery is almost  
impossible and which increases as time passes if there are no significant changes, becoming a psychosocial  
syndrome whose origin is based on having been raised in a destitute environment under conditions of extreme  
poverty.  
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Under these principles, España, L. (2004:29) states that ‘from the cultural point of view, human behavior  
is not biologically determined. What we do, think, say, and feel is not brought with us at birth, but rather is  
constructed throughout life.’  
This new generation of poor individuals—composed of girls, boys, and youth of or on the street—will  
find themselves enveloped in a situation of hatred and resentment against the rest of the population that is  
‘not so poor,’ due to the absence of goods and services that ‘others’ possess but that are denied to them. This  
may be the most stimulating example that can be found in the imaginary of childhood regarding child and  
youth rebellion, as a way to release the conflict that may harbor within them from an early age.  
This is without considering the ‘rights’ that members of the middle and upper social classes possess,  
which ‘they do not share with the poor,’ forcing the latter to live in mediocre conditions of inferiority. This  
transmission of poverty from generation to generation leads to its perpetuation in saecula saeculorum [forever  
and ever], without any possibility of glimpsing social change in the future.  
Therefore, no explanation is needed for the predisposition of younger members to follow the example  
of their progenitors, as well as the environment where their initial life unfolds. And if the observed model is the  
conformity of being poor, along with ‘getting by day to day by any means necessary’—whether by asking for  
help, performing ‘street work,’ rummaging through garbage, or committing minor illicit acts—that ‘tradition  
will be followed’ without significant changes, which will increase even more with each family cycle as ‘the  
family’ grows but does not evolve.  
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References  
Alvarado Chacín. N. (2003). Pobreza y asistencialismo en Venezuela. En: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Volumen  
IX. Nro. 3. Septiembre-diciembre 2003. Universidad del Zulia.  
Asamblea Nacional. Foro Nacional: La Pobreza. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Noviembre, 2003.  
España N, L (2004). Las causas de la pobreza en Venezuela. En: Detrás de la Pobreza. Universidad Católica  
Andrés Bello. Caracas. Venezuela.  
Guerra Velásquez, J. (2009). El proceso de empobrecimiento global. Una conspiración propia de la Modernidad.  
En: Estudios Culturales. Volumen 2. Nro. 3. Enerojunio. 2009. Universidad de Carabobo. Venezuela.  
Mandry Llano, E. (2009) Salud y Pobreza en Venezuela. Un intento de aproximación histórica a su relación  
con el poder. En: Estudios Culturales. Volumen 2. Nro. 3. Enero-junio. 2009. Universidad de Carabobo.  
Venezuela.  
Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Fabricio Rodríguez Cazón (University of Guayaquil) for the academic  
translation of this manuscript into English.  
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The academy and its interaction with communities through society engagement  
programs  
La academia y su interacción con las comunidades a través de los programas de  
vinculación con la sociedad  
1Verónica Ochoa Hidalgo  
International University of Ecuador (UIDE). Quito, Ecuador.  
2Emely Domínguez Mejía  
Vemyca Business and Academic Consulting. Guayaquil, Ecuador.  
3Herman Sozoranga Sandoval  
HS Customs & Logistics S.A.S. Guayaquil, Ecuador.  
Received date: 26/03/2026  
Acceptance date: 26/04/2026  
Abstract  
Academia plays a crucial role in connecting higher education with the real demands of communities through social  
engagement programs. These programs aim to apply knowledge acquired in the classroom to specific social,  
economic, and cultural contexts, thus promoting local problem-solving and sustainable development. Collaboration  
between universities and communities enables comprehensive education for students, promoting values such as  
social responsibility, solidarity, and civic engagement. Communities, in turn, benefit from the technical, scientific,  
and human support provided by higher education institutions, generating a reciprocal learning process. Overall,  
university engagement is established as a strategic pillar for social development, knowledge transfer, and the  
positive transformation of the community environment. The methodology applied was mixed, as it allowed for the  
analysis and measurement of the relationship between academic institutions and communities. The paper concludes  
by demonstrating that engagement with society is established as a crucial foundation of university work, combining  
teaching, research, and community service.  
Keywords: local communities, educational management, higher education institutions, problem solving, know-how  
transfer.  
Resumen  
La academia desempeña un rol crucial en la conexión entre la educación superior y las demandas reales de las  
comunidades a través de programas de vinculación social. Estos programas tienen como objetivo aplicar los  
conocimientos adquiridos en el aula a contextos sociales, económicos y culturales específicos, fomentando así  
la resolución de problemas locales y el desarrollo sostenible. La colaboración entre universidades y comunidades  
permite una formación integral para los estudiantes, promoviendo valores como la responsabilidad social, la  
solidaridad y el compromiso cívico. A su vez, las comunidades se benefician del respaldo técnico, científico y  
humano que brindan las instituciones de educación superior, lo que genera un proceso de aprendizaje recíproco. En  
conjunto, la vinculación universitaria se establece como un pilar estratégico para el desarrollo social, la transferencia  
de conocimiento y la transformación positiva del entorno comunitario. La metodología que se aplico fue mixta,  
ya que permitió el análisis y la medición de la relación entre las instituciones académicas y las comunidades. Se  
concluye el trabajo demostrando que la conexión con la sociedad se establece como un fundamento crucial de la  
labor universitaria, al combinar la enseñanza, la investigación y el servicio a la comunidad.  
Palabras clave: acción comunitaria, gestión académica, instituto de enseñanza superior, solución de problemas,  
transferencia de conocimiento.  
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Introduction  
Universities are social institutions whose mission is carried out through three core functions: the  
education and training of professionals and researchers, the creation and dissemination of knowledge, and  
engagement with the community. These elements have been present since the earliest universities, although  
the ways in which they are implemented have evolved over time.  
The university stands as an institution that serves society as a whole; it influences and helps shape social  
dynamics while also acting as an educational reference point for students, faculty, and the broader community.  
For these institutions, development should focus on improving the quality of their services and strengthening  
their connections with society, businesses, and the external environment. In this sense, both professional  
and academic education should become more accessible and more closely integrated with business and  
institutional contexts (Paleari et al., 2015).  
“The university is committed to society; it is an agent of change capable of generating both theoretical  
and practical knowledge that enriches the growth and development of individuals. This is essential for solving  
problems through projects that foster reciprocal interaction between the university and the community,  
contributing to national development in all its dimensions” (Zea, 1981).  
Community engagement is one of the core functions of higher education in Ecuador, as established  
by the Organic Law of Higher Education (LOES) and the Academic Regime Regulations (RRA). According  
to Article 117 of the LOES, engagement is considered a fundamental function of universities, while Article  
4 of the RRA defines it as a function that builds capacity and promotes knowledge exchange based on the  
academic strengths of higher education institutions. Its purpose is to ensure effective responses to the needs  
and challenges of their surrounding environment (Flor, 2020).  
Community engagement in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is one of their core functions, serving  
as a key link between academia and both public and private sectors. Its purpose is to strengthen teaching and  
research through the active interaction of faculty and students in its implementation. Each initiative establishes  
its own specific goals; however, most aim to enhance social development and improve citizens’ quality of life,  
while also enriching the experiential learning process for the students involved (Vásquez & Bermeo, 2021).  
Academia plays a crucial role in carrying out community engagement, as it participates in, observes,  
and experiences the changes that occur in both beneficiaries and students. This positions it as a generator of  
knowledge and a source of solutions to social challenges across different disciplines and sectors where they  
are needed. In this sense, it seeks to integrate community engagement with the core pillars of education—  
teaching and research—as illustrated in Figure 1.  
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Figure 1  
Mission Triptych of Higher Education Institutions  
Resource: Flor (2020). Prepared by: Ochoa et al. (2025).  
Universities are responsible for fulfilling their mission through three fundamental pillars: teaching,  
research, and engagement with society. These elements are closely interconnected, fostering a two-way flow  
of communication among them. Teaching should be grounded in research findings, while research, in turn,  
should be guided by the needs of society. However, a common criticism of universities is their disconnect  
from the real world, often conducting research in isolated settings and overlooking the genuine needs of  
communities. Therefore, it is essential for universities to adopt an approach that enables them to play an active  
role in economic development (Soleimani et al., 2016).  
Universities not only generate knowledge but also have the responsibility to transfer it to society. The  
mere production of knowledge does not guarantee its dissemination or its ability to drive innovation and  
economic growth. In fact, knowledge becomes a key engine for economic development only when universities  
share it and stakeholders put it into practice (Audretsch, 2014).  
Technology transfer (TT) between universities and industry represents a form of collaboration aimed  
at achieving a range of specific objectives. Beyond producing knowledge, universities support businesses in  
developing practical applications, positioning themselves as key partners in the knowledge economy. From  
a knowledge perspective, TT can be understood as a process through which knowledge, experience, and  
information are shared or acquired between entities. In this context, TT programs are essential to the core  
functions of universities—teaching, research, and community engagement—by providing: a mechanism for  
transferring relevant research outcomes to society; guidance for researchers on managing relationships with  
industry; a framework for promoting and facilitating applied research; a source of flexible funding for additional  
projects; and expertise in licensing and contract negotiation (Feng, Chen, Wang, & Chian, 2012).  
As noted by Valverde and Soto (2007), this process can begin with the provision of specialized services  
and training programs. It can then evolve into consultancy agreements and technical assistance in areas where  
the university has strong expertise, eventually progressing to more advanced stages linked to research. Figure  
2 illustrates the technology transfer process in universities. For an institution to successfully carry out effective  
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technology transfer, it is essential to have a strong research base and a highly qualified team of researchers  
with international-level competitiveness, as research and development (R&D) outputs are the key resource that  
drives technology transfer (Valverde & Soto, 2007).  
Figure 2  
Technology Transfer Process in Universities  
Resource: Tseng & Raudensky (2014). Prepared by: Ochoa et al. (2025).  
From this perspective, research plays a crucial role in enabling technology transfer (TT), and without TT, it  
is difficult to build a meaningful connection with society. In other words, technology transfer allows universities  
to engage with their communities in a reliable and impactful way. Therefore, it is essential for universities to  
recognize that the knowledge they generate and share should be aligned with social, economic, and political  
needs, contributing to the development of sustainable, long-term solutions.  
Universities occupy a unique position in society by bringing together experts in research and  
development and by treating knowledge creation as a socially distributed process (Necoechea-Mondragón &  
Pineda-Domínguez, 2013). Likewise, Barreno Salinas, Barreno Salinas, and Olmedo Valencia (2018, p. 41) argue  
that higher education should be a transformative and meaningful learning process.  
For this reason, it is important to promote values-based education across society, as well as training  
in diverse areas of knowledge. Strengthening the sense of social responsibility that connects academia with  
society is key, so that professionals are better prepared to address real-world needs and challenges in different  
contexts. The ultimate goal is to provide solutions to concrete problems, creating a strong link between  
academic training—both theoretical and practical—and its application in the labor market.  
When outreach and community engagement are carried out, theory is not only put into practice;  
research and science are also advanced. More importantly, comprehensive solutions are created for the most  
vulnerable communities. All of these outcomes are generated by the students of the University of Guayaquil.  
However, this impact is lost when the results achieved are not communicated in a visible, clear, simple, efficient,  
and effective way.  
Methods  
This study was conducted using a qualitative approach, specifically through a documentary or  
bibliographic method. The work was developed by reviewing, analyzing, interpreting, and synthesizing  
information from both written and digital sources, including books, scientific articles, and technical reports.  
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In addition, the expertise and professional experience of the contributors were incorporated to enrich  
the study. As educators, we have actively participated in the various community engagement programs  
developed by the university. It is important to not only build commitment within the classroom but also to bring  
that commitment into real-world contexts through interaction with the community. These initiatives address a  
range of local challenges, contributing to social development through academic and research-based activities.  
This is supported by a structured Community Engagement Plan, through which Higher Education  
Institutions commit to working responsibly in accordance with the guidelines established by the Organic Law  
of Higher Education (LOES, 2010).  
Results  
This documentary research presents and discusses findings reported by Schindler et al. (2015), who  
identified a Quality Framework and a set of indicators based on the involvement of four stakeholder groups.  
The outcomes of this work are summarized in Figure 3.  
Each of the approaches analyzed contributes to fulfilling the mission of higher education institutions.  
The first approach focuses on meeting the requirements established by regulatory bodies, using institutional  
indicators as a means of assessment and evidence. The second approach examines the changes observed in  
students, particularly in terms of affective development.  
The exceptional and responsible approaches fall within the scope of higher education institutions  
themselves. Meeting these criteria and indicators is essential to ensure compliance with the standards required  
by governing bodies.  
Figure 3  
Quality approach and indicators  
Resource: Schindler, Puls-Elvidge, Welzant, & Crawford, (2015). Prepared by: Ochoa et al (2025)  
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Discussion  
Community engagement has become a key component of the higher education system, as it fosters  
meaningful interaction between universities and society. This process is not only aimed at complying with the  
legal requirements established by the Organic Law of Higher Education (LOES), but also at strengthening the  
social commitment of educational institutions by addressing real needs within their surrounding environments.  
In recent years, Ecuadorian universities have developed community engagement projects that  
tackle a wide range of issues, including community development, health, education, entrepreneurship,  
and environmental sustainability. These initiatives have provided both students and faculty with valuable  
opportunities to apply their knowledge in real-world settings, creating a positive impact on communities while  
also contributing to the holistic development of students.  
Conclusions  
Community engagement strengthens the social role of Higher Education Institutions by connecting  
academic knowledge with the real needs of the country.  
It contributes to the countrys sustainable development by addressing social, economic, and  
environmental challenges.  
It helps shape professionals who are ethically aware and socially committed, capable of using their  
knowledge to benefit the community.  
It is both an academic and regulatory requirement, recognized by governing bodies (CES and CACES)  
as an indicator of quality in higher education.  
It promotes meaningful learning and innovation by enabling students and faculty to engage directly  
with the community and learn from real-world experiences.  
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Translation Note: Special thanks to professor Jorge Cañizares Stay (University of Guayaquil) for the academic translation  
of this manuscript into English.  
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